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STEDT #161

*twal

STRONG / HARD / TOUGH

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handletolinitialtrhymeolcoverT · L

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*tol ‘STRONG’JS-HCST: 234

Notes

This root may be safely reconstructed for Proto-Tani, although it might ultimately be of Indo-Aryan origin. Cf. Sanskrit sthūra- ~ sthūla- ‘stout, broad, strong’.

Reflexes & cognates40 reflexes · 6 subgroups

1.1.1Tani1

*Tanitol ‘strong’Sun J 93 HCST: 405

1.1.1.1Western Tani24

Apatanitor-nanmorpheme ‘security’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengniaprefix-jak#35 PTB *s-nya-k ⪤ *hyak ‘FLESH / MEAT’PTani *jak ‘FLESH (human)’PKar *njáq ‘MEAT / FLESH’PKar *hɲaᴮ ‘FLESH / MEAT’ aprefix-tɯr ‘strong’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengniaprefix-tɯr ‘strong’Sun J 93 HCST

Bengniaprefix-tɯr ‘strength’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnihiːmorpheme-tɯr ‘hard (work)’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokartor ‘strong’Sun J 93 HCST

Bokartor ‘strength’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokartor ‘strong’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokartor n‘strength (physical)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0675.24

Bokar Lhobator ‘strength’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 513.51

Galo`lɨɨ#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’◦tor n.‘hard stone’GLDC 09 Galo

Galoatprefix-tor-nasuffix ‘hard’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galoatprefix◦tor adj.‘firm’GLDC 09 Galo

Galoatprefix◦tor adj.‘hard’GLDC 09 Galo

Galotor-nɤsuffix ‘hardy’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galotor-nɤsuffix ‘strong (of bamboo, post, etc.)’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galotor◦namsuffix vi.‘exert (strength/force)’GLDC 09 Galo

Galotor◦namsuffix vi.‘hard’GLDC 09 Galo

Galotor◦namsuffix vi.‘strong’GLDC 09 Galo

Miri, Hillaprefix◦tɯr ‘hard, strong, rough, tough’Simon 76 Miri

Nishingaprefix◦tarr ‘strong’Das Gupta 69 Daf

Tagintor◦namsuffix ‘strong’Das Gupta 83 Tag

Tagintor◦nɤmorpheme hɤmorpheme◦mimorpheme ‘strong boy’Das Gupta 83 Tag

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani8

Padam [Abor]tol ‘strong’Sun J 93 HCST

Damutor ‘harden’Sun J 93 Tani

Damutor-nəmorpheme ‘hard’Sun J 93 Tani

Milangtol-ɲimorpheme ‘brave’Tayeng 76 Mil

Milangtol-ɲimorpheme ‘hard’Tayeng 76 Mil

Milangtol-ɲimorpheme ‘strong’Tayeng 76 Mil

Milangtol-ɲimorpheme-rumorpheme-ŋamorpheme ‘robust’Tayeng 76 Mil

Mishing [Miri]tor ‘strong’Sun J 93 HCST

1.7.1.1Bodo1

Bodotura turi ‘stout / strong’Bhat 68 Boro

2.1.1Western Himalayish3

Byangsitàr◦momorpheme adj.‘brave’Sharma 2003: 936

Darmatar-numorpheme ‘strong’Krishan 2003: 797

Rongpokəmorpheme◦Tor adj.‘hard’[Source note] (IA).Sharma 2003: 682

2.1.2Bodic4

Tsangla (Motuo)kak⁵⁵morphemetar⁵⁵ ‘hard’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Motuo)kakmorpheme◦tar ‘hard’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 831.7

Tsangla (Tilang)kakmorpheme-tara ‘hard’Zhang Jichuan 86

Motuo Menbakakmorpheme tar ‘hard’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1034.07

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #161, *twal ‘STRONG / HARD / TOUGH’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/161

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-161,
  title  = {{*twal 'STRONG / HARD / TOUGH'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #161},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/161}
}