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STEDT #260

*m-gam

LADDER / RAMP

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · provisional

Notes

The Lahu voiced initial reflects the nasal prefix still overtly present in the Jingpho form.

Reflexes & cognates28 reflexes · 8 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1

*Tibeto-Burmanm-gam ‘ladder / ramp’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 590

1.1.1.1Western Tani2

Apatanisɯprefix-go ‘bridge’Sun J 93 Tani

Galolɤ#3582 PTB *s-l(a/e)y ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’MesorootsPKC *lay ⪤ *hlay ‘BRIDGE’Allofams2a #3582 PTB *s-l(a/e)y ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’2b #5780 PTB *s-lak ⪤ *s-laŋ ‘BRIDGE / LADDER / STAIRS’◦go ‘bridge’Das Gupta 63 Gal

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani1

Damulak#5780 PTB *s-lak ⪤ *s-laŋ ‘BRIDGE / LADDER / STAIRS’MesorootsPKC *hlaak ‘LADDER / STAIRS’Allofams2a #3582 PTB *s-l(a/e)y ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’2b #5780 PTB *s-lak ⪤ *s-laŋ ‘BRIDGE / LADDER / STAIRS’-go ‘bridge (made of cane-rope)’Sun J 93 Tani

1.7.3.1Jingpho1

Jingphoǹ-gàm n.‘ladder, ramp’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 250

6.1.2Loloish1

*Loloishm-gu¹/² ‘steps / ladder’Bradley 79 PLo: 351B

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish5

Nusu (Bijiang)gu³⁵dzɑ³⁵#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ ‘ladder’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 456.45

Nusu (Central)gu⁵⁵dza³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ n‘bridge’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0070.34

Nusu (Bijiang)gu⁵⁵dzɑ³⁵#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ ‘bridge’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 477.45

Nusu (Northern)gu⁵⁵dzɔ³¹#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘bridge’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Northern)ke³¹morphemegu⁵⁵dzɔ³⁵#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘ladder’Sun J 86 Nusu

6.1.2.2Central Loloish17

Kuconggv33 tɕhi33morpheme ‘ladder’Dai 09 Kucong

Lahugo ‘bridge’Benedict 72 STC: 38n123

Lahu (Lancang)go³³ n‘ladder’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0582.43

Lahu (Black)go³³ ‘ladder’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 456.33

Lahu (Yellow)gu¹tɕhi¹morpheme ‘ladder’Chang 86

Lisu (Northern)da²¹morphemegu²¹ N‘bridge’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Central)gaw⁵-dzyē⁴#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ ‘bridge’Fraser 22

Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³#2676 PTB *syam ‘IRON’khɔ²¹dzø³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ ‘iron bridge’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisukho³¹dze̱³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ n‘bridge’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0070.40

Lisukho³¹dze³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ ‘ladder’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 456.27

Lisukho³¹dze³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ ‘bridge’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 477.27

Lisu (Northern)khɔ²¹dzø³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ N‘bridge’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khɔ²¹dzø³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ gu²¹morphemekhɤ²¹morpheme ‘end of bridge’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khɔ²¹dzø³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ tɔ³⁵morphemedu³³morpheme ‘frame of bridge’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khɔ²¹dzø³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’phi²¹morpheme ‘planks on bridge’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ta³⁵morphemebja²¹morpheme khɔ²¹dzø³³#3604 PTB *m-dzam ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’TGTM *ᴬtsam ‘BRIDGE’PLB *m-dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’PL *dzam¹ ‘BRIDGE’ N‘staircase; ladder’Bradley 94 Lisu

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish2

Mpikho⁴kho⁴ n.‘bridge’Srinuan 76

Pyenʔa33prefix kho45 ‘bridge’Shintani 09 Pyen: 081021

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #260, *m-gam ‘LADDER / RAMP’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/260

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. HPTB p.250

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-260,
  title  = {{*m-gam 'LADDER / RAMP'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #260},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/260}
}