STEDT
STEDT #2676

*syam

IRON
Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handlesyaminitialsyrhymeam=śamcoverS · NS

Connections

HPTB*syam ‘iron’pp. 255, 257

Reflexes & cognates281 reflexes · 14 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)3

1.1.1.1Western Tani6

Apatanidamorpheme-čã ‘iron’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanidamorpheme-čã ‘metal’Sun J 93 Tani
Apataniďamorpheme-čã čanmorpheme-čumorpheme ‘tripod (iron~)’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanidamorpheme-čã morpheme-geʔmorpheme ‘tongs’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanimorpheme-čàŋ ‘iron’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanimorpheme-čàŋ humorpheme-burmorpheme ‘iron tube’Sun J 93 Tani

1.7.1.4Deori2

Deori/Deurishíng ‘iron’Brown 95: 67

1.7.3.2Asakian2

Saksiŋtaŋgyúŋmorpheme ‘shovel (more exactly, an iron rod used to dig holes)’Huziwara 08 Sak: 118-12

3.2Qiangic79

Ersuʂɛ⁵⁵ ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.18
Ersuʂɛ⁵⁵ndzi⁵⁵morpheme ‘nail (tool)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 360.18
Ersuʂɛ⁵⁵ȵo⁵⁵morphemeko⁵⁵morpheme ‘steel’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 40.18
Guiqiongʃɑ̃³¹tshũ³¹morphemewu⁵⁵morpheme n‘blacksmith’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0186.16
Guiqiongʃɔ̃⁵³ ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.17
Lyuzu(ʂɿ⁵³tʂɿ⁵³morpheme) kæ⁵³morpheme v.‘hammer in (a nail)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1280.18
Lyuzuʂɯ³³za⁵³morpheme n‘trivet’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0565.18
Lyuzuʂɯ⁵³tshu³³morphemesu̵³¹morpheme n‘blacksmith’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0186.18
Lyuzuʂɯ⁵⁵tʂɯ⁵³morpheme n‘nail / tack’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0580.18
Muyaɕe⁵⁵ŋguə³³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.15
Muyaɕe⁵⁵βə⁵³morpheme n‘lock’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0584.15
Namuyiʂu⁵³ ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.19
Namuyiʂu⁵³ ‘steel’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 40.19
Namuyiʂu⁵⁵qhɛʴ³³morpheme ‘nail (tool)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 360.19
Namuyiʂu⁵³ngæ⁵³morpheme n‘blacksmith’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0186.46
Namuyiʂu⁵³qhæ³¹morpheme n‘nail / tack’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0580.46
Namuyiʂu⁵³sã⁵⁵loanwordtɕuo³¹loanword n‘trivet’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0565.46
Pumi (Jiulong)(ɕẽ⁵⁵quɛ⁵⁵morpheme) to¹¹morpheme v.‘hammer in (a nail)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1280.10
Pumi (Jiulong)ɕẽ⁵⁵quɛ⁵⁵morpheme n‘nail / tack’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0580.10
Pumi (Jiulong)ɕẽ⁵⁵tsø⁵⁵morphememi¹¹morpheme n‘blacksmith’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0186.10
Pumi (Jiulong)ɕẽ⁵⁵tʂuɑ⁵⁵morpheme n‘trivet’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0565.10
Pumi (Lanping)ʂə̃⁵⁵thi⁵⁵morpheme n‘rust (iron)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.09
Pumi (Lanping)ʂə̃⁵⁵tsəu⁵⁵morphememi¹³morpheme n‘blacksmith’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0186.09
Pumi (Lanping)ʂə̃⁵⁵tʂuɑ⁵⁵morpheme n‘trivet’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0565.09
Pumi (Lanping)ʂə̃⁵⁵ze⁵⁵morpheme n‘nail / tack’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0580.09
Pumi (Lanping)ʂə̃⁵⁵ʐa⁵⁵morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.09
Pumi (Qinghua)ʂə̃⁵⁵ ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.11
Pumi (Qinghua)ʂə̃⁵⁵tsiɯu⁵⁵morpheme ‘strike (iron)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 589.11
Pumi (Taoba)ɕĩ⁵⁵tsiu⁵³morpheme ‘strike (iron)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 589.10
Qiangsi ~ śyi ~ śye ‘iron’Benedict 72 STC: 53n179
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà (mó)morpheme ‘iron’Evans 99 Qiang: 63
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà mómorpheme-tshàmorpheme piámorpheme ‘iron pot, wok [iron-pot]’Evans 99 Qiang: 756
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà tèmorpheme ‘pincers, tongs [iron-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 857
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà-dʑùmorpheme ‘gun [iron-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 898
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà-dʑùmorpheme-mùmorpheme ‘blacksmith [iron-beat-AGT]’Evans 99 Qiang: 237
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà-gùmorpheme ‘rust [iron-v]’[Source note] cf. ‘wrinkle’.Evans 99 Qiang: 64
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà-qhɚ̀morpheme ‘rust [iron-feces]’Evans 99 Qiang: 64
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà-tèmorpheme ‘fire tongs [iron-pinch] (also 'tweezers')’Evans 99 Qiang: 787
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà-tèmorpheme ‘tweezers [iron-pinch]’Evans 99 Qiang: 817
Qiang (Longxi)ɕà-teímorpheme ‘sickle [iron-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 878
Qiang (Longxi)ɕè-mìmorpheme ‘tripod [iron-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 786
Qiang (Mawo)suʴ mumorpheme ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.8
Qiang (Mawo)suːʴ mumorpheme n‘iron’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0054.08
Qiang (Mawo)suːʴmumorpheme dʑyəmmorpheme n‘blacksmith’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0186.08
Qiang (Mianchi)ɕì diò mú ‘blacksmith’Evans 99 Qiang: 237
Qiang (Mianchi)ɕì dɛ́ ‘knife’Evans 99 Qiang: 762
Qiang (Mianchi)ɕì dɛ́morpheme ‘wood-chopper (ɕì='iron')’Evans 99 Qiang: 879
Qiang (Mianchi)ɕì dɛ̀-tsú ‘sickle [knife-small]’Evans 99 Qiang: 878
Qiang (Mianchi)ɕì-dɛ́morpheme ‘sickle [knife, iron-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 878
Qiang (Mianchi)ɕì-guímorpheme ‘smelt [iron-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 2143
Qiang (Mianchi)ɕì-piámorpheme ‘fire shovel (small) [iron-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 858
Qiang (Mianchi)ɕì-tèmorpheme ~ ɕí-tèmorpheme ‘fire tongs [iron-pinch]’Evans 99 Qiang: 787
Qiang (Taoping)śi⁵⁵ ‘iron’LaPolla 87: 126
Qiang (Taoping)ɕi⁵⁵dio³³morpheme ‘strike (iron)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 589.9
Queyu (Xinlong)ɕo⁵⁵ndze⁵⁵morphemekɯ⁵⁵morphemerə³³morpheme v.‘hammer in (a nail)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1280.13
Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]ɕõ⁵⁵ti⁵³morpheme ‘strike (iron)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 589.16
Queyu (Xinlong)ɕo⁵⁵ŋgər⁵⁵morpheme n‘blacksmith’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0186.13
Xumiɕi³³bɛ⁵³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.17
Xumiʂõ³³bɛ⁵³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.17
Xumiʂõ³³ko⁵³morpheme n‘trivet’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0565.17
Xumiʂɑ̃³³χo⁵⁵morpheme ‘nail (tool)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 360.20
Xumiʂɑ̃³⁵ ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.20

3.3rGyalrongic2

4Nungic22

Anongśam ‘iron’LaPolla 87: 126
Rawangɕam³¹ ‘sword’LaPolla 03: 629
Rawangɕam³¹ ‘sword’LaPolla 03: 630
Anongʂɑ³¹khɑŋ⁵⁵morpheme ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.44
Nungʂɑ³¹khɛŋ⁵⁵morpheme n‘iron’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0054.21
Rawangʃam³¹ ‘iron’LaPolla 03: 65
Rawangʃam³¹ ril³³morpheme ‘rust’LaPolla 03: 67
Trung [Dulong]ɕɑ̆m⁵³ ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.46
Dulongɕɑm⁵³mɯ³¹morphemetɛp⁵⁵morpheme n‘tongs (fire)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0566.20
Dulongɕɑm⁵³tɑʔ⁵⁵morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.20
Dulongɕɑm⁵³tɯ³¹morphemepi⁵³morpheme n‘sheath / scabbard’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0634.20
Dulongɕɑm⁵³wɑ⁵³morphemepu⁵⁵morphemedʑi⁵⁵morpheme n‘blacksmith’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0186.20
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)ɕɑ̆m⁵³thɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵morpheme ‘pot / wok’Sun H 82 Dul

6.1.1Burmish31

Achang (Lianghe)ʂaŋ⁵⁵ ‘iron’LaPolla 87: 126
Achang (Luxi)sam⁵⁵ ‘iron’LaPolla 87: 126
Bola (Luxi)ʃɛ̃⁵⁵ta̱ʔ⁵⁵morpheme n‘iron’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0054.32
Burmese (Written)thɑṁ²khjaȵ³morpheme ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.39
Langsu (Luxi)ʃɛ̃³¹tɔʔ⁵⁵morpheme n‘iron’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0054.31
Langsu (Luxi)ʃɛ̃³¹u̱k⁵⁵morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.31
Leqi (Luxi)ʃa̱m³³ou⁵⁵morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.33
Maru [Langsu]ʃɛ̃³¹tɔʔ⁵⁵morpheme ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.43
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃam⁵¹ toʔ⁵⁵morpheme ‘iron’LaPolla 87: 126
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃam⁵¹to̱ʔ⁵⁵morpheme n‘iron’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0054.30
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃam⁵¹to̱ʔ⁵⁵morpheme ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.42
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃam⁵¹to̱ʔ⁵⁵morphemeau²¹morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.30

6.1.2Loloish3

PNLxam¹ ‘iron’Chen 86 CS: 148.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish34

Gazhuosɛ³³ ‘iron’Dai 91 TB15
Lalosjý ‘iron’Björverud 94
Laloɕy⁵⁵ ‘iron’Chen 86 CS: 148.
Liphoxɤ³³ ‘iron’Chen 86 CS: 148.
Nasuɕe²¹ ‘iron’Chen 86 CS: 148.
Neisuɕɛ²¹ ‘iron’Chen 86 CS: 148.
Nesuɕe²¹ ‘iron’Chen 86 CS: 148.
Nosuʂi³³ ‘iron’Chen 86 CS: 148.
Nusu (Southern)ɕɛ̃³⁵ ‘iron’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)ʂa³³ɣɯ⁵⁵morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.34
Nusu (Northern)ʂhɔ³¹ ‘iron’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Dafang)xɯ²¹də³³morpheme ‘strike (iron)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 589.22
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ³³du³³morpheme ‘iron (metal)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ³³ti³³morpheme ‘anvil’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ³⁴ʑɿ³³morpheme ‘iron, molten’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ³⁴ʣi³³morpheme ‘iron, pig’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ³⁴ʣɿ³³morpheme ‘forge (iron)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Nanhua)xɯ³³tʂhɯ³³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.37
Yi (Wuding)xɚ¹¹tʂhɚ³³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.38
Yi (Xide)hɯ³⁴dʑɿ³³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.35
Yi (Xide)ʂɯ³³ (du³³morpheme) n‘iron’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0054.35
Yi (Xide)ʂɯ³³du³³morpheme ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.21
Yi (Xide)ʂɯ⁴⁴dzɿ³³morpheme ‘strike (iron)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 589.21

6.1.2.2Central Loloish43

Ahixɯ² ‘iron’Chen 86 CS: 148.
Jinuo (Youle)ɕɛ⁴² ‘iron’Gai 86
Jinuoɕɛ⁴² ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.34
Jinuoɕɛ⁴⁴jə³³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.44
Jinuo (Buyuan)ɕᴇ³¹xɔ³³morpheme ‘iron’Gai 86
Lahu (Yellow)so¹ ‘iron’Chang 86
Lisu (Central)haw⁴ ‘iron’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³da⁴⁴morpheme ‘iron rod’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³dzi²¹morpheme ‘pig iron’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³dɔ³³morphemekhu³³morpheme ‘iron ore’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³dɤ²¹morpheme ‘strike iron’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³dɤ²¹morphemethi³³morpheme ‘iron anvil’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³dɤ²¹morphemetɤ⁵⁵morpheme ‘iron factory’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³dʑæ³⁵morpheme dʒɿ²¹morphemedʑæ³⁵morpheme ‘bastion of iron’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³ji³³morpheme ‘molten iron’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³ji³⁵morphemegu³³morpheme ‘iron ladle’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³khi²¹morpheme ‘iron dregs’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³khi²¹morphemela²¹morphemeji³³morpheme ‘like iron and steel (strong-willed)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³khu⁵⁵morpheme ‘iron ingot’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³lɔ³³morphemehĩ³³morpheme ‘iron sliding cable’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³mi³³morpheme ‘wrought iron’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³na³³morpheme ‘iron and steel’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³nu²¹morpheme ‘pig iron’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³pa³³morpheme ‘iron pot (that Lisu people often use for cooking gruel)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³phi²¹morpheme ‘iron plate’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³tɕi³³morphemetɤ⁵⁵morpheme ‘iron mill’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³ɔʔ²¹morphemetɕɯ³⁵morpheme ‘iron wire’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³ɣɔʔ²¹morpheme ‘iron chain’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³ʃɿ³³morphemehĩ³³morpheme ‘iron chain; fetters’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ³³ʒɿ⁴⁴morpheme ‘molten iron’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɤ³³tɕhi³³morphemetɕɔ³³morpheme N‘iron tripod (for propping up the cooking pot)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuxo⁴⁴ ‘iron’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 38.27
Sani [Nyi]xɤ³³ ‘iron’Chen 86 CS: 148.
Yi (Sani)xɯ³³tʂɒ⁴⁴morphemetʂhʐ̩³³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish25

Akhasjhḿ ‘iron’Hansson 89 AHKP: 396
Akha (Yunnan)sjhḿ khýmorpheme ‘iron tripod’Hansson 89 AHKP: 298
Akha (Thai)sjhḿ-khýmorpheme ‘iron tripod’Hansson 89 AHKP: 298
Akha (Thai)sjhḿ-khýmorpheme ‘iron tripod’Hansson 89 AHKP: 397
Akha (Yunnan)sjhḿ/shḿ ‘iron’Hansson 89 AHKP: 396
Akhašṃ́ ‘iron’Benedict 72 STC: 53n178
Bisuhjám ‘iron’Bradley 9x Bisu
Bisuʃámkʰɯ́ ‘iron tripod’Bradley 9x Bisu
Hani (Lüchun)sjhɔ́ khýmorpheme ‘iron tripod’Hansson 89 AHKP: 298
Hani (Lüchun)sjhɔ́ khýmorpheme ‘iron tripod’Hansson 89 AHKP: 397
Hani (Dazhai)sɔ⁵⁵di³¹morpheme ‘strike (iron)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 589.31
Hani (Lüchun)sɔ⁵⁵tsha⁵⁵morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.41
Hani (Gelanghe)ɕm̩⁵⁵ ‘iron’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Haoniʃu⁵⁵ ‘iron’Hansson 89 AHKP: 396
Hani (Mojiang)ʃu⁵⁵ŋa³³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.42
Mpisiŋ⁶ ‘iron’Hansson 89 AHKP: 396
Mpisiŋ⁶ ‘iron’Srinuan 76

6.2Naxi15

Laze (Xiangjiao)ʂu˥qʰɔ˥morpheme ‘iron nail’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1226
Na (Yongning)ʂe˧mu˧morpheme ‘iron’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˧qʰv˧morpheme ‘iron nail; nail’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˧ɲi˩morpheme ‘fire tongs’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˩ ‘iron (monosyllable)’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˩lɑ˩morphemehĩ˧morpheme ‘blacksmith’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˩lɑ˩˧morpheme v.‘forge’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Yongning)ʂe³³kho³³morpheme ‘nail (tool)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 360.29
Naxiʂu²¹bv̩³³morpheme n‘wok (large, iron) / pan’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0545.45
Naxi (Lijiang)ʂu³¹pɯ⁵⁵morpheme ‘nail (tool)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 360.28
Naxi (Lijiang)ʂu³¹ty³³morpheme ‘strike (iron)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 589.28

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2676, *syam ‘IRON’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2676
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#228
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2676,
  title  = {{*syam 'IRON'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2676},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2676}
}