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STEDT #5442

(t)swa-y ⪤ t(s)wa-y

RUST / DROSS / STAIN / EXCREMENT

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Notes

The initial consonant reflexes of this root vary between affricates, dental stop, and s-, in a manner similar to #2742 PTB *(t)sum MORTAR.

Written Tibetan attests both the b- and g- prefixes.

Mizo has a doublet dai-lêng ‘shit’ and tǔi-êk ‘rust’, motivating the reconstruction of medial *-w-.

Reflexes & cognates87 reflexes · 17 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)2

*Tibeto-Burman(t)saːy ‘rust / dross / stain / shit’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 108

*Tibeto-Burmantsaːy ⪤ saːy ‘rust / dross / stain / excrement’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 210

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani4

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]tai-é#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ ‘excrement; dross; rust’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 108

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]tai-é#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ dutmorpheme-shumorpheme v.‘rust, get rusty; to mess oneself (as a child)’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 108

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]tai-é#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ é#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ n‘shit’Matisoff 87 BP

Damu*tsaː-pʰoʔmorpheme v‘rust’Sun J 93 Tani

1.2.3Maraic1

Lakher [Mara]sai-i#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ ‘rust, rusty’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 108

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang2

Phomdüi n‘rust’Marrison 67 Naga

Phomdɯ³³ ‘rust’Burling 98 Phom

1.7.3.1Jingpho1

Jingphoʃa⁵⁵ v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.19

2.1.2.1Tibetan17

Tibetan (Alike)tsa tɕhakmorpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.05

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)htsa ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)ɣja ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.5

Tibetan (Batang)tsa⁵³ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.03

Tibetan (Batang)tsa⁵³phoʔ⁵³morpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.03

Tibetan (Khams:Dege)ja⁵³ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.3

Tibetan (Lhasa)tsa⁵³ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.2

Tibetan (Lhasa)tsa⁵⁵ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.02

Tibetan (Lhasa)tsa⁵⁵ ca¹³²morpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.02

Tibetan (Written)btsa n‘rust’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Written)gjaɦ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.1

Tibetan (Written)gtsaɦ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.01

Tibetan (Written)gtsaɦ rgjagmorpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.01

Tibetan (Written)ɣya n‘rust’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Xiahe)hja n‘rust (copper, silver)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.04

Tibetan (Xiahe)tsa n‘rust (iron)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.04

Tibetan (Xiahe)tsa◦tɕhaχmorpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.04

3.2Qiangic16

Pumi (Jiulong)sy⁵⁵ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.10

Pumi (Lanping)ʂə̃⁵⁵#2676 PTB *syam ‘IRON’tsa⁵⁵ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.09

Pumi (Qinghua)sy⁵⁵ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.11

Pumi (Taoba)so³⁵ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.10

Qiang (Longxi)zə̀ ȵìmorpheme v.‘rust’Evans 99 Qiang: 2318

Qiang (Longxi)zɨ̀ zúmorpheme v.‘rust’Evans 99 Qiang: 2318

Qiang (Longxi)ɕà#2676 PTB *syam ‘IRON’ tsɨ̀ ‘rust’Evans 99 Qiang: 64

Qiang (Mawo)dzər quɑmorpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.08

Qiang (Mawo)dzɛr quɑmorpheme n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.08

Qiang (Mawo)r̥tsa ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.8

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]kə³⁵morphemedzai⁵⁵ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.16

Queyu (Xinlong)ptsa⁵⁵ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.13

Queyu (Xinlong)tə⁵⁵morphemeptsa³³ v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.13

Xumiɕi³⁵ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.20

Zhaba (Daofu County)kə⁵⁵morpheme ʑi³³ v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.14

Zhaba (Daofu County)ʑi¹³ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.14

3.3rGyalrongic4

Daofugəmorpheme ʁjɑ v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.12

Ergong (Danba)vtsha ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.14

Daofuʁjɑ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.12

Daofuʁjɑ rumorpheme n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.12

3.3.1rGyalrong5

rGyalrong (Maerkang)(rtsɐ) kəmorpheme ndzokmorpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.11

rGyalrong (Maerkang)rtsɐ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.11

rGyalrongrtsɐ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.12

rGyalrongrtse ‘rust’Nagano 97 GyQ: 8.11

rGBenzhenrtsɐ ‘rust’Sun J 97 rGB

4Nungic6

Nungdʑi³¹ khi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’u³¹morpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.21

Nungdʑi³¹khi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.21

Anongdʑi³¹khi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.44

Dulongsɑ i⁵³#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.20

Dulongsɑ ·i⁵⁵#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.20

Trung [Dulong]sɑ⁵⁵ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.46

5Tujia1

Tujiaɕiu⁵⁵ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.38

6.1.1Burmish12

Achang (Longchuan)siu³⁵ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.28

Achang (Longchuan)siu³⁵ v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.28

Achang (Longchuan)siu³⁵ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.41

Bola (Luxi)ta⁵⁵morphemekji³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’tui³¹ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.32

Bola (Luxi)tui³¹ v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.32

Langsu (Luxi)tsɔi³⁵ v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.31

Langsu (Luxi)tsɔ̆³⁵kjik⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.31

Leqi (Luxi)tsə̆³³kjei³³#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.33

Maru [Langsu]tsɔ̆³⁵kjik⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.43

Atsi [Zaiwa]tsui²¹ v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]tʃo⁵¹kji̱k⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]tʃo⁵¹kjit⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.42

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish5

Yi (Nanhua)ʑi³³ȵi³³#2499 PTB *r-ni ‘RED’PLB *ʔ-ni¹ ‘RED’ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.24

Yi (Nanhua)ʑi̱³³ȵi³³#2499 PTB *r-ni ‘RED’PLB *ʔ-ni¹ ‘RED’dʐo²¹morpheme n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.37

Yi (Nanjian)ɣɯ⁵⁵tɕi³³morpheme ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.23

Yi (Weishan)ɣɯ⁵⁵tsᴇ³³morpheme n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.36

Yi (Weishan)ɣɯ⁵⁵tsᴇ³³morphemedɪ̱³³morpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.36

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish7

Hani (Dazhai)su⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵#2499 PTB *r-ni ‘RED’PLB *ʔ-ni¹ ‘RED’ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.31

Hani (Lüchun)su⁵⁵ ȵi⁵⁵#2499 PTB *r-ni ‘RED’PLB *ʔ-ni¹ ‘RED’ tu̱³¹morpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.41

Hani (Lüchun)su⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵#2499 PTB *r-ni ‘RED’PLB *ʔ-ni¹ ‘RED’ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.41

Hani (Caiyuan)siu⁵⁵ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.30

Hani (Shuikui)ɕiu⁵⁵ ‘rust’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 39.32

Hani (Mojiang)tɕhi⁵⁵morpheme ɕiu⁵⁵ khɛ³³morpheme v.‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1618.42

Hani (Mojiang)ɕiu⁵⁵ n‘rust’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0056.42

7Karenic1

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)da³¹ e̱³¹#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ ‘feces’Dai 89 KarB: 187

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #5442, *(t)swa-y ⪤ *t(s)wa-y ‘RUST / DROSS / STAIN / EXCREMENT’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/5442

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. HPTB p. 210

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-5442,
  title  = {{*(t)swa-y ⪤ *t(s)wa-y 'RUST / DROSS / STAIN / EXCREMENT'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #5442},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/5442}
}