STEDT
Shape, Size, Color, Measure, Number, Time, Space  ›  Numbers and numeric expression
STEDT #2666

*g-sum

THREE
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlesumprefixginitialsrhymeumcoverS · N

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*ɦum ‘THREE’JS-HCST: 109
Kuki-Chin*thum ‘THREE’PKC #416
Central Naga (Ao Group)*a-sam ‘THREE’PCN #133
Tangkhulic*tʰum ‘THREE’DRM#455
Bodo-Garo*ta'm ‘THREE’
Northern Naga/Konyakian*C̬-sum ‘THREE’
Tamangish*ᴮsom ‘THREE’
Lolo-Burmese*sum² ‘THREE’
Loloish*C-sum² ‘THREE’
Karenic*səmᴬ ‘THREE’TL#300

Connections

HPTB*g-sum ‘three’pp. 32, 33, 56, 135, 149, 272, 275, 308

Notes

For detailed discussion of the numeral THREE, see Matisoff 1995 (“Numerals”), pp. 181-183.

Chinese comparandum

三 OC *səm, GSR #648a-c ‘three’; Coblin 86:149 ST *gsum > OC *səm; Schuessler 2007:449 *sə̂m; B & S 2011: *srum {sr[u]m} (sr- > s-; infl. by 四 s- ?); Mand. sān.
參 OC *śi̯əm, GSR #647a-b ‘three stars in Orion belt’; Schuessler 2007:449 *srəm; B & S 2011: *srum {sr[u]m}; Mand. shēn.
參 OC *ts’əm, GSR #647a-b ‘unit of three; threefold’; Schuessler 2007:449 *tshə̂m < *k-sə̂m; B & S 2011: *N-sˁrum {N-sˁr[u]m}; Mand. cān.

Reflexes & cognates536 reflexes · 53 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)5

1.1“North Assam”1

1.1.1Tani1

*Taniɦum ‘three’Sun J 93 HCST: 428

1.1.1.1Western Tani39

Apatanihĩ ‘three’Sun J 93 HCST
Apatanihĩ ‘three’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanihĩ kʰramorpheme lemorpheme ‘thirty’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanihĩ-nɯmorpheme ‘third’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanihi-ŋəmorpheme ‘three’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanihiŋ ‘three’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanihiŋ-xaŋmorpheme ‘thirty’Sun J 93 Tani
Apataniromorpheme-himorpheme-ŋemorpheme romorpheme-hĩ-e[*]morpheme ‘thrice’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnijamorpheme-oum ‘thirty’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnilamorpheme-oum ‘thirteen’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniuprefix-um ‘three’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniɯprefix-um ‘three’Sun J 93 HCST
Bokaraprefix ɦum num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.24
Bokaraprefix-hum ‘three’Sun J 93 HCST
Bokarjupmorpheme-hum ‘third day of the month’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokaroprefix-hum ‘three’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarɯprefix-jɯŋ#6168 PTani *rjɯŋ ‘TEN’ lamorpheme-hum ‘thirteen’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokar Lhobaaprefix ɦum ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.51
Bokar Lhobajupmorpheme ɦum ‘day, third of month’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 95.51
Bokar Lhobajupmorpheme ɦum jɯŋ#6168 PTani *rjɯŋ ‘TEN’ ‘day, thirtieth of month’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 101.51
Galoaprefix◦um adj.‘three’GLDC 09 Galo
Galoaprefix◦um n:num.‘three’GLDC 09 Galo
Galoaprefix◦um ‘three’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Galoaprefix◦um ‘triple’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Galoɯprefix◦rɯ#6168 PTani *rjɯŋ ‘TEN’◦gomorpheme lamorpheme◦um ‘thirteen’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Miri, Hilloprefix◦um ‘three’Simon 76 Miri

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani9

Padam [Abor]amorpheme-ŋum ‘three’Sun J 93 HCST
Damupətmorpheme-ɦam ‘thirty’Sun J 93 Tani
Damuʔaprefix-ɦam ‘three’Sun J 93 Tani
Milangham ‘three’Tayeng 76 Mil
Milangham-namorpheme-ɲimorpheme ‘third’Tayeng 76 Mil
Milangham-ɲimorpheme ‘triple’Tayeng 76 Mil
Milanghaŋtakmorpheme-ham ‘thirty’Tayeng 76 Mil
Milanghaŋtakmorpheme-kalomorpheme-ham ‘thirteen’Tayeng 76 Mil
Mishing [Miri]aprefix-um ‘three’Sun J 93 HCST

1.1.2Deng13

Darang [Taraon]kɑ³¹sɯŋ³⁵ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.22
Darang [Taraon]kɑ³¹sɯŋ³⁵ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.49
Digarokəsaŋ ‘three’LaPolla 87: 94
Kaman [Miju]kɯ³¹prefixsɑ̆m⁵³ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.23
Kaman [Miju]kɯ³¹prefixsɑ̆m⁵³ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.48
Idukɑ³¹soŋ⁵⁵ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.50
Yidukɑ³¹morphemesoŋ³⁵ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.25
Yiduɑ³¹prefixsoŋ³⁵hɹoŋ⁵⁵morpheme num‘thirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0817.25

1.2Kuki-Chin1

1.2.1.1Northern Chin9

Sizanghtum ‘three’VanBik 09 PKC: 416
Thadothíŋ ‘three’Thirumalai 72: 58
Thadothúm ‘three’VanBik 09 PKC: 416
Thadothúm ‘three’Thirumalai 72: 11
Thadothúm ‘three’Thirumalai 72: 33
Thadothúm ‘three’Thirumalai 72: 43
Thadothùm ‘three’Thirumalai 72: 63
Tiddimthum³ ‘three’VanBik 09 PKC: 416

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin11

Ashotʻünˊˊ ‘three’VanBik 09 PKC: 416
Chinbonpḁmorpheme◦tʰum ‘three’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 211
Daaiʔtʰum ‘three’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 211
Khumithúung ‘three’VanBik 09 PKC: 416
Khumitʰũŋ ‘three’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 211
Matupḁmorpheme◦tʰum ‘three’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 211
Mkaangpḁmorpheme◦tʰum ‘three’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 211
Nyhmoyeʔtʰuːm ‘three’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 211

1.2.2Central Chin6

Lai (Hakha)pamorpheme-thûm ‘three’VanBik 09 PKC: 416
Lushai [Mizo]pàmorpheme-thúm ‘three’VanBik 09 PKC: 416

1.2.3Maraic1

Lakher [Mara]pāmorpheme-thò ‘three’VanBik 09 PKC: 416

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)19

Ao (Chungli)a¹prefix-səm² num.‘three’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.105
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)aprefix-səm-səm ‘three each’Coupe 07 Ao: 276
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)jùŋmorpheme◦səm nəmmorpheme ‘three fingers' width’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagae¹prefix-thəm¹ num.‘three’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.133
Lotha Nagaeprefix◦thüm ‘three’Murry 78: 125
Sangtamaprefix◦sang ‘three’Kumar 73 Sang
Yimchungrü(¹)maʔmorpheme◦²sam [²] ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253
Yimchungrümahmorpheme◦sam ‘three’Kumar 73 Yim: 99

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group4

Khezha²ke³tshɯ ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253
Mao²ko²sɯ ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253

1.3.3Zeme Group2

1.3.4Tangkhulic7

Huishukəmorpheme-tʰɐm ‘three’Mortensen 12 Tk: Numbers.003
Kachaikəmorpheme-tʰum ‘three’Mortensen 12 Tk: Numbers.003
Kachaiʃəmorpheme-rumorpheme kəprefix-tʰum ‘thirteen’Mortensen 12 Tk: Numbers.013
Tangkhulthum ‘three’Bhat 69 TNV: 99
Tusomkamorpheme-tʰõ ‘three’Mortensen 12 Tk: Numbers.003
Ukhrulkəmorpheme-tʰum ‘three’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.7.1Bodo-Garo1

1.7.1.1Bodo4

BododozonEnglish loanword◦tam kitábArabic loanword ‘three dozen books’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodokatam mansəy ‘three men’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodotam ‘three’Bhat 68 Boro
Kokboroktʰam ‘three’Tripuri 88

1.7.1.2Garo3

Garogit-tam ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253
Garogitham ‘three’LaPolla 87: 94

1.7.1.3Koch1

Atongtham num‘three’van Breugel 08 Atong

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

*Northern NagaC̬-sum ‘three’French 83: 568

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1

Nocte¹wan¹rʌm ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1

Khiamngan²³sɤ²³me̥ʔ ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253

1.7.3.2Asakian2

Saksúŋ-hvú ‘three’Huziwara 08 Sak: 396
Saksúŋ◦jɨ́ ‘thirty’Huziwara 08 Sak: 404-4

2.1.1Western Himalayish6

Kanauris̱ẖŭm adj‘three’Bailey 11
Kanauris̱ẖŭm rá̄ ‘three hundred’Bailey 11
Kanauris̱ẖŭm rāɔ̄ ‘three hundredth’Bailey 11
Pattani [Manchati]çúm◦la ‘all the three’Sharma, D.D. 82 TH

2.1.2Bodic15

Kaikechauthāimorpheme sum ‘quarters, three-’Hale 73 CSD: 09.40
Kaikechyumorpheme sum ‘thirteen’Hale 73 CSD: 09.09
Kaikekālāmorpheme sum ‘thirds, two-’Hale 73 CSD: 09.39
Kaikepherāngmorpheme sum◦thālmorpheme ‘fifty’Hale 73 CSD: 09.17
Kaikesum◦thālmorpheme ‘sixty’Hale 73 CSD: 09.18
Tsangla (Motuo)sam⁵⁵ ‘three’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tshona (Wenlang)som⁵⁵ ‘three’Lu 86 CuoM

2.1.2.1Tibetan45

Tibetan (Balti)pomorpheme◦sum ‘three-fourth’Rangan 75: 51
Tibetan (Balti)sum◦pa·suffix ‘third’Rangan 75: 72
Tibetan (Batang)shɑ̃⁵⁵tɕᴜ⁵³ num‘thirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0817.03
Tibetan (Jirel)bomorpheme+ 'sum-lāqmorpheme ‘thirds, two-’Hale 73 CSD: 09.39
Tibetan (Jirel)coutāiqmorpheme 'sumq ‘quarters, three-’Hale 73 CSD: 09.40
Tibetan (Jirel)cyukmorpheme sumq ‘thirteen’Hale 73 CSD: 09.09
Tibetan (Jirel)khālqmorpheme 'sum-tāngqmorpheme cyutāmorpheme ‘seventy’Hale 73 CSD: 09.19
Tibetan (Jirel)khālqmorpheme 'sumq ‘sixty’Hale 73 CSD: 09.18
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)da¹³morphemewa⁵³morphemesuŋ⁵⁵ba⁵³morpheme ‘March’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 78.3
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)suŋ⁵⁵tɕu⁵³ ‘thirty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 932.3
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)tɕu⁵³morphemesuŋ⁵⁵ ‘thirteen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 923.3
Tibetan (Lhasa)kəŋ⁵⁵morphemesum⁵⁵ n‘trivet’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0565.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)sum⁵⁵tɕu⁵³ ‘thirty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 932.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)sum⁵⁵tɕu⁵⁵ num‘thirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0817.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)tsheʔ⁵³morphemepa⁵³morphemesum⁵⁵ ‘day, third of month’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 95.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)tɕok⁵³morphemesum⁵⁵ ‘thirteen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 923.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)tɕok⁵⁵morphemesum⁵⁵ num‘thirteen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0809.02
Tibetan (Sherpa)čupmorpheme◦sum ‘thirteen’Hale 73 CSD: 09.09
Tibetan (Written)btɕumorpheme gsum num‘thirteen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0809.01
Tibetan (Written)btɕumorpheme gsum ‘thirteen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 923.1
Tibetan (Written)tshesmorpheme pamorpheme gsum ‘day, third of month’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 95.1
Tibetan (Written)zlamorpheme bamorpheme gsum pasuffix ‘March’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 78.1

2.1.3Lepcha2

Lepchasám num.‘three’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

2.1.4Tamangish29

*TGTMᴮsom ‘three’Mazaudon 94 These: 965
Gurung (Ghachok)(X)(N)caũtʰẽqmorpheme sõq ‘three quarters’Glover 72 GuVo: 9.40
Gurungcāu̩the̩qmorpheme so̩q ‘quarters, three-’Hale 73 CSD: 09.40
Gurungso̩q ‘three’Hale 73 CSD: 09.01
Manang (Prakaa)³sum◦cu ‘thirty’Hoshi 84: 0676
Tamang (Sahu)'pohmorpheme 'plihmorpheme kimorpheme kocemorpheme 'som ‘three-quarters’Taylor 72 TmVo: 9.40
Tamang (Sahu)'pohmorpheme 'plihmorpheme kimorpheme kocemorpheme som ‘quarters, three-’Hale 73 CSD: 09.40
Thakali'plihmorpheme kalmorpheme-pemorpheme som-kalmorpheme ‘quarters, three-’Hale 73 CSD: 09.40
Thakaliprahmorpheme-semorpheme som-cyu ‘hundred and thirty’Hale 73 CSD: 09.26
Thakalisom-cyu-se 'Tih ‘thirty-one’Hale 73 CSD: 09.14
Thakalisom-cyu-si ky ‘thirty-nine’Hale 73 CSD: 09.15
Thakali (Tukche)prɔhmorpheme-semorpheme som-cju ‘hundred and thirty’Hari 71a ThVo: 9.26
Thakali (Tukche)som-cju-se 'ʈih ‘thirty-one’Hari 71a ThVo: 9.14
Thakali (Tukche)som-cju-si ku ‘thirty-nine’Hari 71a ThVo: 9.15

2.2Newar5

Newarswa̩-gu: ‘three’Hale 73 CSD: 09.01
Newarswi:-cha-gu: ‘thirty-one’Hale 73 CSD: 09.14
Newarswi:-gu̩-gu: ‘thirty-nine’Hale 73 CSD: 09.15

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti8

Athpare (Rai)sum◦baŋ ‘three (human)’Ebert 97 Athpare
Athpare (Rai)sum◦bok ‘three (nonhuman)’Ebert 97 Athpare
Limbusum◦boŋ ‘thirty’Michailovsky 89 Lm
Limbusum◦jan ‘three days’Michailovsky 89 Lm
Limbusum◦simorpheme ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253
Limbusum◦simorpheme ‘three’Michailovsky 89 Lm
Yamphusum◦boŋ num‘thirty’Rutgers 98: 579.27
Yamphusum◦ji num‘three’Rutgers 98: 579.28

2.3.2Southern Kiranti2

Bantawasum◦ka adj‘three’Rai 85 BnDs
Kulungsupchi ‘three’Rai 75 Kul

2.3.3Central Kiranti3

Dumiryekbo ‘three’Driem 93 Dumi
Dumisukli ‘three’Driem 93 Dumi
Khaling'suhpu ‘three’Hale 73 CSD: 09.01

2.3.4Western Kiranti3

Sunwar'sā̩: ‘three’Hale 73 CSD: 09.01
Thulung'su ‘three’Allen 75
Thulungsium ‘three’Allen 75

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang10

Chepangsum nm.‘three’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsum-halemorpheme sum-joʔ ‘thirty-nine’Caughley 72 CVoc: 9.15
Chepangsum-joʔ ‘three’Caughley 72 CVoc: 9.1
Chepangsum.cak n.‘three persons’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsum.hālemorpheme sum.joʔ ‘thirty-nine’Hale 73 CSD: 09.15
Chepangsum.joʔ ‘three’Hale 73 CSD: 09.01
Chepangsum.jyaŋ nm.‘three (emphatic)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsum.jyoʔ nm.‘three’Caughley 00 Chepang
Khamsohm◦lomorpheme ‘three’Hale 73 CSD: 09.01

3.2Qiangic43

Ersusi⁵⁵ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.18
Guiqiongsɔ̃⁵⁵ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.16
Guiqiongsɔ̃⁵⁵ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.17
Guiqiongsɔ̃⁵⁵pu⁵³morpheme ‘March’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 78.17
Lyuzuɕi⁵³ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.18
Muyaso⁵³ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.15
Muyasõ⁵³ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.15
Muya [Minyak]dɛ³³morphemewɛ⁵⁵morphemeso⁵⁵mbɛ⁵³morpheme ‘March’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 78.15
Namuyiso⁵³ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.19
Namuyinu⁵³morphemetɕi³¹morpheme ʂuo³³əʴ³¹morpheme adv‘three days from now’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0744.46
Pumi (Jiulong)sũ¹¹ (lĩ⁵⁵) num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.10
Pumi (Taoba)sõ³⁵li⁵⁵morphememei³⁵morpheme ‘March’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 78.10
Qiang (Mawo)khsiɑ su ‘thirty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 932.8
Qiang (Mianchi)sí qòmorpheme ‘three’Evans 99 Qiang: 1176
Qiang (Mianchi)sí sàmorpheme ȵàmorpheme à#3540 PTB *ʔa ‘ONE’ qómorpheme ‘thirty-one’Evans 99 Qiang: 1196
Qiang (Taoping)tshi³¹sɑ³³ ‘thirty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 932.9
Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]su⁵⁵tɕã⁵³ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.16
Xumisa⁵⁵qa⁵⁵ num‘thirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0817.17
Xumisɐ⁵⁵(ko³³) ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.20
Xumisɐ⁵⁵qɛ⁵⁵ ‘thirty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 932.20
Xumisɛ⁵⁵ (ku³³) num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.17
Zhaba (Daofu County)sə⁵⁵ntshɿ³³ num‘thirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0817.14

3.3rGyalrongic3

5Tujia10

Tujia (Southern)sa⁵⁵ ‘three’Tian 86
Tujia (Northern)so⁵⁵ ‘three’Tian 86
Tujiaso⁵⁵ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.49
Tujiaso⁵⁵ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.38
Tujiaso⁵⁵xɯ⁵⁵ num‘thirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0817.49
Tujiaso⁵⁵xɯ⁵⁵ ‘thirty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 932.38
Tujia (Northern)suo1si1 n.‘three months’Brassett 04 Tujia

6.1.1Burmish38

Achang (Lianghe)suŋ³¹ ‘three’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)sɔm³⁵ ‘three’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Xiandao)sum³¹tshi⁵⁵ num‘thirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0817.29
Bola (Luxi)sam⁵⁵thai⁵⁵ num‘thirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0817.32
Hpun (Northern)ʃàŋ kɔ́ŋ, shàŋkɔ́ŋ ‘three things’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Northern)ʃàŋ, shàŋ ‘three’Henderson 86 Hpun
Marmaθúŋ ‘three’Huziwara 08 Sak: 396

6.1.2Loloish4

*LoloishC-sum² ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253
*LoloishC-sum² ‘three’Bradley 79 PLo: 480
*LoloishC-sum² ‘three’Hansson 89 AHKP: 399

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish31

Gazhuosi³³ ‘three’Dai 91 TB15
Gazhuosɿ³⁵o³¹ŋ³²³ adv‘three days ago’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0741.47
Nusu (Northern)shɔ³¹ ‘three’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Southern)sɑ³⁵ ‘three’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)sɔ³³ge³³ȵi³¹ adv‘three days from now’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0744.34

6.1.2.2Central Loloish37

Jinuosø³³ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.34
Jinuo (Youle)sø⁴⁴ ‘three’Gai 86
Jinuosø⁴⁴ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.44
Lahušɛ̄ʔ ‘three’Benedict 72 STC: 152n413
Lahu (Black)šɛ̂ʔ ⪤ šɛ̄ ‘three’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 209
Lahu (Yellow)ɕɛ¹ ‘three’Chang 86
Lisu (Northern)dza⁴⁴morpheme phu³³morpheme sa³³ kɤ⁵⁵ ‘three bowls of rice’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)dza⁴⁴morphemephu³³morpheme sa³³ phe²¹ ‘three litres of rice’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɤ³³#2676 PTB *syam ‘IRON’tɕhi³³morpheme sa²¹ tɕɔ³³morpheme ‘three iron tripods’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ni⁴⁴morpheme sa²¹ ni³³ ‘two or three days; a couple of days’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisusàm ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253
Lisu (Northern)sa²¹ Q‘three (alternative sandhi form of sa³³)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)sa³ ‘three’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)sa³³ Q‘three; cf. also sa²¹’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)sa³³hwa³⁵ ‘three times’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)sa³³hɔ²¹ ‘three batches’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si⁵⁵morphemekɤ⁵⁵morpheme sa³³ phæʔ²¹ ‘three bowls’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisusɑ̱³³ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.40
Lisusɑ⁴⁴ ‘three’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 913.27
Lisu (Northern)tshɔ³³morphemeza²¹morpheme sa²¹ jɔ³³ ‘three people’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tɕhi³³morphemezaʔ²¹morpheme sa²¹ phɤ³³ ‘three strands of thread’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ʃɿ²¹morpheme ʃɿ³³morpheme sa³³ dʒɿ³⁵ ‘three hours’Bradley 94 Lisu

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish23

Akhashḿ ‘three’Hansson 89 AHKP: 399
Akhasm̀ ‘three’Weidert 87 TBTo: 253
Bisusǎm ‘three’Bradley 9x Bisu
Hani (Gelanghe)sm̩⁵⁵ ‘three’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Mpisiŋ⁶ ‘three’Hansson 89 AHKP: 399
Mpisiŋ⁶ ‘three’Srinuan 76
Pyensam33 jum31 ‘three things’Shintani 09 Pyen: 260021

6.2Naxi27

Na (Yongning)́ʁu˩morphemeɖɯ˩morphemeso˧ ɖɯ˧ɲi˥ ‘in three days’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxisɿ²¹ num‘three’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0799.45

9.0.1Old Chinese2

Chinese (Old/Mid)səm/sɑ̂m ‘three’Chou 72

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

9.0.3Modern Chinese2

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2666, *g-sum ‘THREE’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2666
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#409
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2666,
  title  = {{*g-sum 'THREE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2666},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2666}
}