STEDT #1016
*s/g-la
MOON / MONTH
Reconstruction analysis
handleglaprefixsinitial(g)lrhymeacoverK · V
Intermediate reconstructions
Northern Naga/Konyakian*gla poy ‘MOON’
Tamangish*ᴮHla ‘MOON’
Tamangish*ᴮʰla ‘MONTH’
Kiranti*la ‘MOON’
Lolo-Burmese*s/ʔ-la³ ‘MOON / MONTH’
Loloish*bə la³ ‘MOON’
Connections
HPTB*s/g-la ‘moon / month’pp. 34, 52, 134, 162, 165, 168, 172
Notes
We prefer the “paradigmatic” reconstruction *s/g-la to the “syntagmatic” one offered in STC, *s-gla.
Jingpho, Asakian and Ao have developed a dental stop from the original *lateral. See JAM 2013 (“The dinguist’s dilemma”).
The first element in Proto-Tani *po-lo resembles the prefix-like onset of Proto-Loloish *bəla, but it is not possible to assign a meaning to it at present.
The Written Tibetan binome zla-ba is paralleled by many Loloish forms, e.g., Lahu ha-pa, Lisu hã³³ba⁴⁴, etc.
Lahu lɔ́-pa is a poetic word for MOON, which is of doubtful relationship to the ordinary word ha-pa. Cognates have just been found in several recently discovered Loloish languages of the “Mangish” group (Lama Ziwo 2015, in prep.): Mongi li¹³ e¹³ pɔ¹³, Mondzi lie¹³ pɔ¹³, Munji la³³ po³¹.
Reflexes & cognates724 reflexes · 44 subgroups
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)6
1.1.1Tani1
1.1.1.1Western Tani71
Apatanipú-lo kar#2651 PTB *g-sar ‘NEW / FRESH’PKC *thar ‘NEW / FRESH’PCN *a-saːn ‘NEW’PTk *tʰar ‘NEW’PNN *saːr ‘NEW’PKar *san / sành ‘NEW’PKar *saNᴬ ‘NEW’-bemorpheme ‘new moon’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanipú-lo kar#2651 PTB *g-sar ‘NEW / FRESH’PKC *thar ‘NEW / FRESH’PCN *a-saːn ‘NEW’PTk *tʰar ‘NEW’PNN *saːr ‘NEW’PKar *san / sành ‘NEW’PKar *saNᴬ ‘NEW’-tuʔmorpheme ‘new moon’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanipú-lo-mimorpheme taprefix-tɯʔ#645 PTB *t(u/i)k ‘FROG’PTani *tɯk ‘FROG’PKar *Ɂdeᴮ ‘FROG’PKar *Ɂdeᴮsowᴮ ‘TOAD’ armorpheme-nɯmorpheme bumorpheme ‘lunar eclipse’Sun J 93 Tani
Galodo#3570 NEIA *doŋ ‘WEATHER FORMATIVE / RAIN’PTani *mV-doŋ ~ *pV-doŋ ‘RAIN (n.)’◦ɲi#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’-polo ‘sun / moon god’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Galopolo kar#2300 PTB *s-kar ‘STAR’PTani *kar ‘STAR’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’TGTM *ᴮsar ‘STAR’-namsuffix v‘moon (new)’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Galopolo ɲimorpheme-bimorpheme (aya)morpheme-taprefix◦karː#2300 PTB *s-kar ‘STAR’PTani *kar ‘STAR’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’TGTM *ᴮsar ‘STAR’ ‘evening star’Das Gupta 63 Gal
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani7
1.1.2Deng8
1.2Kuki-Chin1
1.2.1.1Northern Chin8
1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin6
1.2.2Central Chin8
1.2.3Maraic1
1.3“Naga” Areal Group2
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)7
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)tʃak#36 PTB *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s ‘EAT / FOOD / FEED / RICE’PKC *θaʔ ‘FEED’PCN *tsaʔ ‘EAT’PCN *a-tsa-k ‘RICE (paddy)’PTk *tsa ‘EAT’PTk *tsaat ‘RICE (COOKED)’-hən#7710 PCN *haːn ‘CARRY / PREGNANT / WEAR’-paʔsuffix làtà ‘October ('paddy' + 'carry' + NR + 'month')’Coupe 07 Ao
1.3.3Zeme Group3
1.5Mikir [Karbi]3
1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1
1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte3
1.7.3.1Jingpho9
1.7.3.2Asakian4
2.1.1Western Himalayish9
2.1.2Bodic13
2.1.2.1Tibetan12
Tibetan (Written)zla ba#1902 PTB *-pu ⪤ *-pwa ‘SUFFIX (nominalizer; bulk-provider)’ n‘moon’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0004.01
Tibetan (Written)zla ba#1902 PTB *-pu ⪤ *-pwa ‘SUFFIX (nominalizer; bulk-provider)’ ‘moon’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 3.1
Tibetan (Written)zla-ba#1902 PTB *-pu ⪤ *-pwa ‘SUFFIX (nominalizer; bulk-provider)’ ‘moon’LaPolla 87: 145
Tibetan (Written)zla-ba#1902 PTB *-pu ⪤ *-pwa ‘SUFFIX (nominalizer; bulk-provider)’ ‘moon’Benedict 72 STC: 42n136
2.1.3Lepcha1
2.1.4Tamangish16
Tamang (Sahu)'purnyeIndic loanword kyahpmorpheme kimorpheme 'la◦nyimorpheme ‘waning moon’Taylor 72 TmVo: 5.23
2.2Newar5
2.3Kiranti1
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti6
2.3.2Southern Kiranti8
2.3.3Central Kiranti1
2.3.4Western Kiranti6
2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang23
Chepangcyak#2683 PTB *tsya(k/ŋ) ‘RED / DARK-COLORED / BLACK’.lah n.‘dark of moon’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanghmaŋmorpheme.lah n.‘crescent moon (esp. when like an upright bowl - an omen of death)’Caughley 00 Chepang
3.1Tangut2
3.2Qiangic134
Guiqiongȵi⁵⁵#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’npu⁵⁵morphemeli⁵³ ‘February’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 77.17
Namuyiqhu³³#2621 PTB *d-k-ruk ‘SIX’PTani *krə ‘SIX’PKC *ruk ‘SIX’PCN *t-ruk ‘SIX’PTk *ruk ‘SIX’PNN *d-ruk ‘SIX’TGTM *ᴮɖu,ᴮɖuː,ᴮɖuk ‘SIX’PLB *C-krokᴸ ‘SIX’PKar *khrowᴬ ‘SIX’ɬi⁵⁵ ‘June’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 81.19
Namuyiso⁵⁵#2666 PTB *g-sum ‘THREE’PTani *ɦum ‘THREE’PKC *thum ‘THREE’PCN *a-sam ‘THREE’PTk *tʰum ‘THREE’PBG *ta'm ‘THREE’PNN *C̬-sum ‘THREE’TGTM *ᴮsom ‘THREE’PLB *sum² ‘THREE’PL *C-sum² ‘THREE’PKar *səmᴬ ‘THREE’ɬi⁵⁵ ‘March’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 78.19
Namuyixo³³morphemeȵi⁵⁵#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ɬi⁵⁵ ‘December’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 87.19
Namuyizɿ³³#2409 PTB *b-ləy ‘FOUR’PTani *pri ‘FOUR’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *lii ‘FOUR’PCN *phV-ləj ‘FOUR’PTk *ti ‘FOUR’PBG *brəi ‘FOUR’PNN *bə ləy ‘FOUR’TGTM *ᴮbli ‘FOUR’PLB *b/ʔ-ləy² ‘FOUR’PL *b-le² ‘FOUR’PKar *lwi-t ‘FOUR’ɬi⁵⁵ ‘April’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 79.19
Namuyiŋgu³³#2364 PTB *d/s-kəw ‘NINE’PKC *kua ‘NINE’PCN *t-ku ‘NINE’PTk *ko ‘NINE’TGTM *ᴮku(ː) ‘NINE’PLB *gəw² ‘NINE’PKar *khwiᴬ ‘NINE’ɬi⁵⁵ ‘September’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 84.19
Namuyiŋɑ³³#1306 PTB *l/b-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTani *ŋo ‘FIVE’PKC *ŋaa ‘FIVE’PCN *pha-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTk *ŋa ‘FIVE’PLB *ŋa² ‘FIVE’PKar *ŋjatᴰ ‘FIVE’ɬi⁵⁵ ‘May’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 80.19
Namuyiȵi⁵⁵#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ɬi⁵⁵ ‘February’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 77.19
Namuyiʂɿ³³#2505 PTB *s-ni-s ‘SEVEN’PTani *kV-nɯt ‘SEVEN’PKC *sa-riʔ ‘SEVEN’PCN *th-ni(t) ‘SEVEN’PTk *ni ‘SEVEN’PNN *C̬-nit ‘SEVEN’TGTM *ᴮʰnis ‘SEVEN’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ši² ‘SEVEN’PL *C-ʃi(k)²/ᴸ ‘SEVEN’PKar *hnət / hnwi-t ‘SEVEN’PKar *Ɂnweᴬ, Ɂnwetᴰ ‘SEVEN’ɬi⁵⁵ ‘July’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 82.19
Namuyiȵi⁵⁵#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ɬi⁵³ n‘February’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0773.46
Qiang (Longxi)gú#2364 PTB *d/s-kəw ‘NINE’PKC *kua ‘NINE’PCN *t-ku ‘NINE’PTk *ko ‘NINE’TGTM *ᴮku(ː) ‘NINE’PLB *gəw² ‘NINE’PKar *khwiᴬ ‘NINE’ lə́ ‘September’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1131
Qiang (Longxi)nə̀#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ lə̀ ‘February’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1124
Qiang (Longxi)tsú#2621 PTB *d-k-ruk ‘SIX’PTani *krə ‘SIX’PKC *ruk ‘SIX’PCN *t-ruk ‘SIX’PTk *ruk ‘SIX’PNN *d-ruk ‘SIX’TGTM *ᴮɖu,ᴮɖuː,ᴮɖuk ‘SIX’PLB *C-krokᴸ ‘SIX’PKar *khrowᴬ ‘SIX’ lə́ ‘June’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1128
Qiang (Longxi)zə̀#2409 PTB *b-ləy ‘FOUR’PTani *pri ‘FOUR’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *lii ‘FOUR’PCN *phV-ləj ‘FOUR’PTk *ti ‘FOUR’PBG *brəi ‘FOUR’PNN *bə ləy ‘FOUR’TGTM *ᴮbli ‘FOUR’PLB *b/ʔ-ləy² ‘FOUR’PL *b-le² ‘FOUR’PKar *lwi-t ‘FOUR’ lə̀ ‘April’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1126
Qiang (Longxi)ʁuè#1306 PTB *l/b-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTani *ŋo ‘FIVE’PKC *ŋaa ‘FIVE’PCN *pha-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTk *ŋa ‘FIVE’PLB *ŋa² ‘FIVE’PKar *ŋjatᴰ ‘FIVE’ lə̀ ‘May’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1127
Qiang (Mianchi)gù#2364 PTB *d/s-kəw ‘NINE’PKC *kua ‘NINE’PCN *t-ku ‘NINE’PTk *ko ‘NINE’TGTM *ᴮku(ː) ‘NINE’PLB *gəw² ‘NINE’PKar *khwiᴬ ‘NINE’ lə́ ‘September’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1131
Qiang (Mianchi)khuɛ̀#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’-lə̀-dzè#36 PTB *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s ‘EAT / FOOD / FEED / RICE’PKC *θaʔ ‘FEED’PCN *tsaʔ ‘EAT’PCN *a-tsa-k ‘RICE (paddy)’PTk *tsa ‘EAT’PTk *tsaat ‘RICE (COOKED)’ ‘eclipse of moon [dog-moon-eat]’Evans 99 Qiang: 2549
Qiang (Mianchi)nə̀#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ lə̀ ‘February’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1124
Qiang (Mianchi)tʂòu#2621 PTB *d-k-ruk ‘SIX’PTani *krə ‘SIX’PKC *ruk ‘SIX’PCN *t-ruk ‘SIX’PTk *ruk ‘SIX’PNN *d-ruk ‘SIX’TGTM *ᴮɖu,ᴮɖuː,ᴮɖuk ‘SIX’PLB *C-krokᴸ ‘SIX’PKar *khrowᴬ ‘SIX’ lə́ ‘June’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1128
Qiang (Mianchi)zɨ̀#2409 PTB *b-ləy ‘FOUR’PTani *pri ‘FOUR’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *lii ‘FOUR’PCN *phV-ləj ‘FOUR’PTk *ti ‘FOUR’PBG *brəi ‘FOUR’PNN *bə ləy ‘FOUR’TGTM *ᴮbli ‘FOUR’PLB *b/ʔ-ləy² ‘FOUR’PL *b-le² ‘FOUR’PKar *lwi-t ‘FOUR’ lə̀ ‘April’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1126
Qiang (Mianchi)ʁuà#1306 PTB *l/b-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTani *ŋo ‘FIVE’PKC *ŋaa ‘FIVE’PCN *pha-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTk *ŋa ‘FIVE’PLB *ŋa² ‘FIVE’PKar *ŋjatᴰ ‘FIVE’ lə̀ ‘May’[Source note] calque.Evans 99 Qiang: 1127
Xumiguɐ³³#2364 PTB *d/s-kəw ‘NINE’PKC *kua ‘NINE’PCN *t-ku ‘NINE’PTk *ko ‘NINE’TGTM *ᴮku(ː) ‘NINE’PLB *gəw² ‘NINE’PKar *khwiᴬ ‘NINE’ɬɯ⁵⁵ ‘September’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 84.20
Xumisɐ⁵⁵#2666 PTB *g-sum ‘THREE’PTani *ɦum ‘THREE’PKC *thum ‘THREE’PCN *a-sam ‘THREE’PTk *tʰum ‘THREE’PBG *ta'm ‘THREE’PNN *C̬-sum ‘THREE’TGTM *ᴮsom ‘THREE’PLB *sum² ‘THREE’PL *C-sum² ‘THREE’PKar *səmᴬ ‘THREE’ɬɯ³³ ‘March’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 78.20
Xumitɕho⁵⁵#2621 PTB *d-k-ruk ‘SIX’PTani *krə ‘SIX’PKC *ruk ‘SIX’PCN *t-ruk ‘SIX’PTk *ruk ‘SIX’PNN *d-ruk ‘SIX’TGTM *ᴮɖu,ᴮɖuː,ᴮɖuk ‘SIX’PLB *C-krokᴸ ‘SIX’PKar *khrowᴬ ‘SIX’ɬɯ³³ ‘June’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 81.20
Xumiȵɛ³³#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ɬɯ⁵⁵ ‘February’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 77.20
Xumiɦɑ̃⁵⁵#1306 PTB *l/b-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTani *ŋo ‘FIVE’PKC *ŋaa ‘FIVE’PCN *pha-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTk *ŋa ‘FIVE’PLB *ŋa² ‘FIVE’PKar *ŋjatᴰ ‘FIVE’ɬɯ³³ ‘May’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 80.20
Xumiʒuɐ³³#2409 PTB *b-ləy ‘FOUR’PTani *pri ‘FOUR’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *lii ‘FOUR’PCN *phV-ləj ‘FOUR’PTk *ti ‘FOUR’PBG *brəi ‘FOUR’PNN *bə ləy ‘FOUR’TGTM *ᴮbli ‘FOUR’PLB *b/ʔ-ləy² ‘FOUR’PL *b-le² ‘FOUR’PKar *lwi-t ‘FOUR’ɬɯ⁵⁵ ‘April’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 79.20
Zhaba (Daofu County)ta³³morphemembu⁵⁵morpheme tɛ⁵⁵morphemeɬi⁵⁵ n‘January’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0772.14
Zhaba (Daofu County)ȵi⁵⁵morpheme pa⁵⁵morpheme tɛ⁵⁵morphemeɬi⁵⁵ n‘February’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0773.14
3.3rGyalrongic5
3.3.1rGyalrong80
rGyalrong (Maerkang)təmorpheme tsəmorpheme lɑ wumorpheme lɑimorpheme n‘middle of a month’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0775.11
rGyalrong (Maerkang)təmorpheme tsəmorpheme lɑ wɑmorpheme thimorpheme n‘end of a month’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0776.11
rGyalrong (Rangtang Shili Erguowucun)ɫdʑa◦ŋi◦si'təŋo ‘moon’morpheme · morpheme · morphemeNagano 2013 rGyDB: 1298
4Nungic15
6.1Lolo-Burmese1
6.1.1Burmish32
Hpun (Northern)ʃɛ̀là pyài-ŋ#111 PTB *(p/b)liŋ ‘FULL / FILL’PTani *brɯŋ ‘FULL (not empty)’PKC *pliŋ ‘FULL / COMPLETE / ATTAIN TO’PLB *ʔ-bliŋ¹ ‘FULL / PLENTY’PKar *pwɛᴬ ‘FULL’ ‘moon (full)’Henderson 86 Hpun
6.1.2Loloish2
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish65
Laloxa-basuffix-khə́#5404 PTB *krəy ‘MOON / MOONLIGHT’PLB *krəy¹ ‘MOON / MOONLIGHT’ ‘moonlight’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 190
Nusu (Northern)ɬa³¹tshɛ⁵⁵morphemeshɔ⁵⁵morphemeni³¹#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’ ‘third day of the month’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Northern)ɬa³¹tshɛ⁵⁵morphemeshɔ⁵⁵morphemetshe³¹morphemeni⁵⁵morpheme ‘thirtieth day of the month’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Bijiang)ɬɑ³¹tshɑʴ⁵⁵morphemethi³¹morphemeȵi³¹morpheme ‘day, first of month’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 94.45
Yi (Xide)khɯ³³#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’ɬɯ²¹ ‘May (dog month)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 80.21
Yi (Xide)la⁵⁵#5560 PTB *k-la ‘TIGER’PNN *C-gya ‘TIGER’PLB *(k-)la ‘TIGER’ɬɯ²¹ ‘September (tiger month)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 84.21
Yi (Xide)m̩(u)³³#1431 PTB *s/m-raŋ ‘HORSE’PKC *raŋ ‘HORSE’PLB *mraŋ² ‘HORSE’ɬɯ²¹ ‘January (horse month)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 76.21
Yi (Xide)va⁵⁵#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’ɬɯ²¹ ‘April (chicken month)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 79.21
Yi (Xide)vo⁵⁵#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’ɬɯ²¹ ‘June (pig month)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 81.21
Yi (Xide)ȵu⁵⁵#2462 PTB *m(y/r)uk ‘MONKEY’PLB *myukᴸ ‘MONKEY’PKar *joɁᴰ ‘MONKEY’ɬɯ²¹ ‘March (monkey month)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 78.21
6.1.2.2Central Loloish47
Lahu (Black)ha-pasuffix=khɨ#5404 PTB *krəy ‘MOON / MOONLIGHT’PLB *krəy¹ ‘MOON / MOONLIGHT’ ‘moonlight’Matisoff 88 DL: 392
Lahu (Black)xᴀ³³pᴀ³³morphemesɿ³⁵morphemesɛ⁵³morphemeni³³#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’ ‘day, third of month’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 95.33
Lahu (Black)xᴀ³³pᴀ³³morphemesɿ³⁵morphemete⁵³morphemeni³³#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’ ‘day, first of month’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 94.33
Lahu (Black)xᴀ³³pᴀ³³morphemesɿ³⁵morphemeŋᴀ⁵³morphemeni³³#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’ ‘day, fifth of month’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 96.33
Lisu (Northern)hã³³ba⁴⁴ khɤ²¹lɔ⁵⁵be²¹ d ‘eclipse of the moon’suffix · morpheme · morpheme · morpheme · morphemeBradley 94 Lisu
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish17
6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish6
6.2Naxi58
Laze (Xiangjiao)gv˧#2364 PTB *d/s-kəw ‘NINE’PKC *kua ‘NINE’PCN *t-ku ‘NINE’PTk *ko ‘NINE’TGTM *ᴮku(ː) ‘NINE’PLB *gəw² ‘NINE’PKar *khwiᴬ ‘NINE’lie˧mie˧morpheme ‘9th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1671
Laze (Xiangjiao)qʰɔ˩#2621 PTB *d-k-ruk ‘SIX’PTani *krə ‘SIX’PKC *ruk ‘SIX’PCN *t-ruk ‘SIX’PTk *ruk ‘SIX’PNN *d-ruk ‘SIX’TGTM *ᴮɖu,ᴮɖuː,ᴮɖuk ‘SIX’PLB *C-krokᴸ ‘SIX’PKar *khrowᴬ ‘SIX’lie˩mie˩morpheme ‘6th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1668
Laze (Xiangjiao)su˥#2666 PTB *g-sum ‘THREE’PTani *ɦum ‘THREE’PKC *thum ‘THREE’PCN *a-sam ‘THREE’PTk *tʰum ‘THREE’PBG *ta'm ‘THREE’PNN *C̬-sum ‘THREE’TGTM *ᴮsom ‘THREE’PLB *sum² ‘THREE’PL *C-sum² ‘THREE’PKar *səmᴬ ‘THREE’lie˧mie˧morpheme ‘3rd month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1665
Laze (Xiangjiao)tsʰi˥#2748 PTB *ts(y)i(y) ⪤ *tsyay ‘TEN’TGTM *ᴮtsjui ‘TEN’PLB *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PL *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PKar *chejᴬ ‘TEN’lie˥mie˥morpheme ‘10th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1672
Laze (Xiangjiao)tsʰi˥#2748 PTB *ts(y)i(y) ⪤ *tsyay ‘TEN’TGTM *ᴮtsjui ‘TEN’PLB *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PL *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PKar *chejᴬ ‘TEN’ɖɯ˥morphemelie˥mie˥morpheme ‘11th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1673
Laze (Xiangjiao)tsʰi˥#2748 PTB *ts(y)i(y) ⪤ *tsyay ‘TEN’TGTM *ᴮtsjui ‘TEN’PLB *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PL *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PKar *chejᴬ ‘TEN’ɲi˥#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’lie˥mie˥morpheme ‘12th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1674
Laze (Xiangjiao)ŋwɤ˧#1306 PTB *l/b-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTani *ŋo ‘FIVE’PKC *ŋaa ‘FIVE’PCN *pha-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTk *ŋa ‘FIVE’PLB *ŋa² ‘FIVE’PKar *ŋjatᴰ ‘FIVE’lie˧mie˧morpheme ‘5th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1667
Laze (Xiangjiao)ɬie˧mie˧morphemeʐæ˩morphemen˩morphemedze˧morpheme ‘lunar eclipse’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 24
Laze (Xiangjiao)ɲi˧#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ lie˧mie˧morpheme ‘2nd month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1664
Laze (Xiangjiao)ʂie˧#2505 PTB *s-ni-s ‘SEVEN’PTani *kV-nɯt ‘SEVEN’PKC *sa-riʔ ‘SEVEN’PCN *th-ni(t) ‘SEVEN’PTk *ni ‘SEVEN’PNN *C̬-nit ‘SEVEN’TGTM *ᴮʰnis ‘SEVEN’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ši² ‘SEVEN’PL *C-ʃi(k)²/ᴸ ‘SEVEN’PKar *hnət / hnwi-t ‘SEVEN’PKar *Ɂnweᴬ, Ɂnwetᴰ ‘SEVEN’lie˧mie˧morpheme ‘7th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1669
Laze (Xiangjiao)ʐv˧#2409 PTB *b-ləy ‘FOUR’PTani *pri ‘FOUR’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *lii ‘FOUR’PCN *phV-ləj ‘FOUR’PTk *ti ‘FOUR’PBG *brəi ‘FOUR’PNN *bə ləy ‘FOUR’TGTM *ᴮbli ‘FOUR’PLB *b/ʔ-ləy² ‘FOUR’PL *b-le² ‘FOUR’PKar *lwi-t ‘FOUR’lie˧mie˧morpheme ‘4th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1666
Na (Yongning)gv˩#2364 PTB *d/s-kəw ‘NINE’PKC *kua ‘NINE’PCN *t-ku ‘NINE’PTk *ko ‘NINE’TGTM *ᴮku(ː) ‘NINE’PLB *gəw² ‘NINE’PKar *khwiᴬ ‘NINE’ɬi˩mi˩˧morpheme ‘9th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)qʰv˧#2621 PTB *d-k-ruk ‘SIX’PTani *krə ‘SIX’PKC *ruk ‘SIX’PCN *t-ruk ‘SIX’PTk *ruk ‘SIX’PNN *d-ruk ‘SIX’TGTM *ᴮɖu,ᴮɖuː,ᴮɖuk ‘SIX’PLB *C-krokᴸ ‘SIX’PKar *khrowᴬ ‘SIX’ɬi˧mi˧morpheme ‘6th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)so˧#2666 PTB *g-sum ‘THREE’PTani *ɦum ‘THREE’PKC *thum ‘THREE’PCN *a-sam ‘THREE’PTk *tʰum ‘THREE’PBG *ta'm ‘THREE’PNN *C̬-sum ‘THREE’TGTM *ᴮsom ‘THREE’PLB *sum² ‘THREE’PL *C-sum² ‘THREE’PKar *səmᴬ ‘THREE’ɬi˧mi˧morpheme ‘3rd month’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)tsʰe˧#2748 PTB *ts(y)i(y) ⪤ *tsyay ‘TEN’TGTM *ᴮtsjui ‘TEN’PLB *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PL *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PKar *chejᴬ ‘TEN’ɬi˧mi˧morpheme ‘10th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ŋwɤ˩#1306 PTB *l/b-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTani *ŋo ‘FIVE’PKC *ŋaa ‘FIVE’PCN *pha-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTk *ŋa ‘FIVE’PLB *ŋa² ‘FIVE’PKar *ŋjatᴰ ‘FIVE’ɬi˩mi˩˧morpheme ‘5th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ɲi˧#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ɬi˧mi˧morpheme ‘2nd month’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂɯ˧#2505 PTB *s-ni-s ‘SEVEN’PTani *kV-nɯt ‘SEVEN’PKC *sa-riʔ ‘SEVEN’PCN *th-ni(t) ‘SEVEN’PTk *ni ‘SEVEN’PNN *C̬-nit ‘SEVEN’TGTM *ᴮʰnis ‘SEVEN’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ši² ‘SEVEN’PL *C-ʃi(k)²/ᴸ ‘SEVEN’PKar *hnət / hnwi-t ‘SEVEN’PKar *Ɂnweᴬ, Ɂnwetᴰ ‘SEVEN’ɬi˧mi˧morpheme ‘7th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʐv˩#2409 PTB *b-ləy ‘FOUR’PTani *pri ‘FOUR’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *lii ‘FOUR’PCN *phV-ləj ‘FOUR’PTk *ti ‘FOUR’PBG *brəi ‘FOUR’PNN *bə ləy ‘FOUR’TGTM *ᴮbli ‘FOUR’PLB *b/ʔ-ləy² ‘FOUR’PL *b-le² ‘FOUR’PKar *lwi-t ‘FOUR’ɬi˩mi˩˧morpheme ‘4th month’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Yongning)gv³¹#2364 PTB *d/s-kəw ‘NINE’PKC *kua ‘NINE’PCN *t-ku ‘NINE’PTk *ko ‘NINE’TGTM *ᴮku(ː) ‘NINE’PLB *gəw² ‘NINE’PKar *khwiᴬ ‘NINE’ɬe³³mi³³morpheme ‘September’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 84.29
Naxi (Yongning)khəɹ³³#2621 PTB *d-k-ruk ‘SIX’PTani *krə ‘SIX’PKC *ruk ‘SIX’PCN *t-ruk ‘SIX’PTk *ruk ‘SIX’PNN *d-ruk ‘SIX’TGTM *ᴮɖu,ᴮɖuː,ᴮɖuk ‘SIX’PLB *C-krokᴸ ‘SIX’PKar *khrowᴬ ‘SIX’ɬe³³mi³³morpheme ‘June’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 81.29
Naxi (Yongning)so³³#2666 PTB *g-sum ‘THREE’PTani *ɦum ‘THREE’PKC *thum ‘THREE’PCN *a-sam ‘THREE’PTk *tʰum ‘THREE’PBG *ta'm ‘THREE’PNN *C̬-sum ‘THREE’TGTM *ᴮsom ‘THREE’PLB *sum² ‘THREE’PL *C-sum² ‘THREE’PKar *səmᴬ ‘THREE’ɬe³³mi³³morpheme ‘March’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 78.29
Naxi (Yongning)tshe³³#2748 PTB *ts(y)i(y) ⪤ *tsyay ‘TEN’TGTM *ᴮtsjui ‘TEN’PLB *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PL *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PKar *chejᴬ ‘TEN’dɿ³³morphemeɬe³³ ‘November’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 86.29
Naxi (Yongning)tshe³³#2748 PTB *ts(y)i(y) ⪤ *tsyay ‘TEN’TGTM *ᴮtsjui ‘TEN’PLB *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PL *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PKar *chejᴬ ‘TEN’ȵi³³#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ɬe³³ ‘December’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 87.29
Naxi (Yongning)tshe³³#2748 PTB *ts(y)i(y) ⪤ *tsyay ‘TEN’TGTM *ᴮtsjui ‘TEN’PLB *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PL *tsay¹ ‘TEN’PKar *chejᴬ ‘TEN’ɬe³³mi³³morpheme ‘October’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 85.29
Naxi (Yongning)ŋuə³¹#1306 PTB *l/b-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTani *ŋo ‘FIVE’PKC *ŋaa ‘FIVE’PCN *pha-ŋa ‘FIVE’PTk *ŋa ‘FIVE’PLB *ŋa² ‘FIVE’PKar *ŋjatᴰ ‘FIVE’ɬe³¹mi¹³morpheme ‘May’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 80.29
Naxi (Yongning)ȵi³³#2504 PTB *g/s-ni-s ‘TWO’PTani *pri-ñi ‘EIGHT’PKC *niʔ ⪤ *hniʔ ‘TWO’PCN *a-ni(t) ‘TWO’PTk *ni ‘TWO’PBG *ni ‘TWO’PNN *ʔ-ni ‘TWO’TGTM *ᴮniː ‘TWO’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ni² ‘TWO’PL *s-ni(k)²/ᴸ| ‘TWO’PKar *k-hnejᴬ ‘TWO’ɬe³³mi³³morpheme ‘February’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 77.29
Naxi (Yongning)ʂɿ³³#2505 PTB *s-ni-s ‘SEVEN’PTani *kV-nɯt ‘SEVEN’PKC *sa-riʔ ‘SEVEN’PCN *th-ni(t) ‘SEVEN’PTk *ni ‘SEVEN’PNN *C̬-nit ‘SEVEN’TGTM *ᴮʰnis ‘SEVEN’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ši² ‘SEVEN’PL *C-ʃi(k)²/ᴸ ‘SEVEN’PKar *hnət / hnwi-t ‘SEVEN’PKar *Ɂnweᴬ, Ɂnwetᴰ ‘SEVEN’ɬe³³mi³³morpheme ‘July’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 82.29
7Karenic27
Kayan (Pekon)lá◦bwé#100 PTB *m-pup ‘SATIATED’PLB *N-pup ‘SATIATED / FULL’ N‘full moon [lit. moon-full]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)lá◦mā#1860 PTB *g/s-ma-t/n ‘PERISH / BE SPENT / BE LOST / LOSE / DISAPPEAR / EXHAUSTED / FORGET’PNN *ma ‘LOSE’PKar *maᴮ ‘DISAPPEAR, LOST’ N‘new moon [lit. moon-lost]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)lá◦má̤hámorpheme PRO‘when (past time reference) [lit. moon-which-time]’Manson 10 Kayan
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #1016,
*s/g-la ‘MOON / MONTH’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1016Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#144
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1016,
title = {{*s/g-la 'MOON / MONTH'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1016},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1016}
}