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STEDT #2621

*d-k-ruk

SIX
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlerukprefixdinitialrrhymeukcoverL · T

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*krə ‘SIX’JS-HCST: 132
Kuki-Chin*ruk ‘SIX’PKC #974
Central Naga (Ao Group)*t-ruk ‘SIX’PCN #268
Tangkhulic*ruk ‘SIX’DRM#572
Northern Naga/Konyakian*d-ruk ‘SIX’
Tamangish*ᴮɖu,ᴮɖuː,ᴮɖuk ‘SIX’
Lolo-Burmese*C-krokᴸ ‘SIX’
Karenic*khrowᴬ ‘SIX’TL#259

Connections

HPTB*d-kruk ‘six’pp. 23, 71

Notes

Some reflexes of this extremely widespread etymon reflect the minimal form *ruk; others descend from a *kr- cluster; while still others come from a *d-r- combination.

The PLB form *C-krokᴸ is reconstructed with a voiced prefix (represented by the cover symbol C-), since its reflexes derive from the Proto-Loloish low-stopped tone, which can only come from a *voiced initial sequence. Cf. Matisoff 1972: #35.

For additional discussion of the numeral SIX, see Matisoff 1995 (“Numerals”), pp. 193-197.

Chinese comparandum

六 OC *̂liôk, GSR #1032a-d ‘six’; Coblin 86:133 ST *dljəkw > OC *ljəkw; Schuessler 2007:362 *ruk; B & S 2011: *k.ruk ; Mand. liù.

Reflexes & cognates425 reflexes · 50 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)5

*Tibeto-Burmand-ruk ⪤ d-k-rok ‘six’LaPolla 87: 177

1.1“North Assam”2

Sulung [Puroik]suat³³morphemeɣək³³ ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.52

1.1.1Tani1

1.1.1.1Western Tani26

Apataniaprefix-ljã#6168 PTani *rjɯŋ ‘TEN’ kʰrjɯ-hemorpheme ‘sixty’Sun J 93 Tani
Apataniàprefix-ljaŋ#6168 PTani *rjɯŋ ‘TEN’ xɯ(-emorpheme) ‘sixty’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanikʰrɯ ‘six’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanixrjɯ ‘six’Sun J 93 HCST
Bengniaprefix-kjɯː ‘six’Sun J 93 HCST
Bengniaprefix-kjɯː ‘six’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokaraprefix kɯ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.24
Bokaraprefix-kɯ ‘six’Sun J 93 HCST
Bokaraprefix-kɯ ‘six’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarɯprefix-jɯŋ#6168 PTani *rjɯŋ ‘TEN’ lamorpheme-kɯ ‘sixteen’Sun J 93 Tani
Galoakprefix◦kə n:num.‘six numr. -kə’GLDC 09 Galo
Galoaprefix◦kːɤ ‘six’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Galoləkmorpheme◦kə n:time.‘six times’GLDC 09 Galo
Miri, Hillaprefix◦ke ‘six’Simon 76 Miri
Nishingaprefix◦ké ‘six’Das Gupta 69 Daf

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani4

Padam [Abor]aprefix-ke ‘six’Sun J 93 HCST
Damuʔaprefix-ky ‘six’Sun J 93 Tani
Damuʔaprefix-kyː ‘six’Sun J 93 Tani
Mishing [Miri]aprefix-kəŋ ‘six’Sun J 93 HCST

1.1.2Deng16

Darang [Taraon]ta:prefix◦hro ‘six’Anonymous xx Tar
Darang [Taraon]tɑ³¹prefixxɹo⁵³ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.22
Darang [Taraon]tɑ³¹prefixxɹo⁵³ ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.49
Digarothərɔ ‘six’LaPolla 87: 177
Kaman [Miju]kɯ³¹tɑm⁵³ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.23
Kaman [Miju]kɯ³¹tɑm⁵³ ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.48
Kaman [Miju]kɯ³¹tɑm⁵⁵mu³¹ ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.48
Kaman [Miju]kɯ³¹tɑm⁵⁵mu⁵³ num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.23
Idutɑ³¹prefixhɹo⁵³hɹoŋ⁵⁵ ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.50
Idutɑ⁵⁵prefixhɹo⁵³ ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.50
Yidutɑ⁵⁵prefixhɹo⁵³ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.25
Yidutɑ⁵⁵prefixhɹo⁵³hɹoŋ⁵⁵ num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.25

1.2Kuki-Chin1

1.2.1.1Northern Chin7

Thadokhûu ‘cough’VanBik 09 PKC: 974
Tiddimˍguk q‘six’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin10

Ashoʻsók ‘six’VanBik 09 PKC: 974
Daaiʔkɣʰuk ‘six’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 214
Khumitᵊriᵘʔ ‘six’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 214

1.2.2Central Chin4

Lai (Hakha)pamorpheme-ruk ‘number six’VanBik 09 PKC: 974

1.2.3Maraic1

Lakher [Mara]pā-chā-rū ‘six’VanBik 09 PKC: 974

1.3.3Zeme Group3

Puironkəruk ‘six’LaPolla 87: 177
Rongmei / Nruanghmeirekmorpheme◦səruk ‘sixty’Matisoff 94 Rong

1.3.4Tangkhulic7

Huishusəmorpheme-ruʔ ‘six’Mortensen 12 Tk: Numbers.006
Kachaiʃəmorpheme-ruk ‘six’Mortensen 12 Tk: Numbers.006
Tangkhul¹thəprefix¹ruk ‘six’Weidert 87 TBTo: 687
Tusomtmorpheme-ru-hemorpheme ‘six’Mortensen 12 Tk: Numbers.006
Ukhrultʰəmorpheme-ruk ‘six’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.5Mikir [Karbi]3

1.7.1.1Bodo2

Kokborokdoʔ ‘six’Tripuri 88

1.7.1.3Koch1

Atongkorok num‘six’van Breugel 08 Atong

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1

Phomwɔk³³ ‘six’Burling 98 Phom

1.7.3.2Asakian2

Sakkruʔ-hvúmorpheme ‘six’Huziwara 08 Sak: 399
Sakkruʔ◦cɨ́morpheme ‘sixty’Huziwara 08 Sak: 404-7

2.1.1Western Himalayish6

Kanauriṭŭgʻ ‘six’Bailey 11
Kanauriṭŭg◦rāmorpheme ‘six hundred’Bailey 11
Kanauriṭŭg◦raɔ̄morpheme ‘six hundredth’Bailey 11
Kanauriʈǔg ‘six’LaPolla 87: 177

2.1.2Bodic4

Tshona (Wenlang)grok³⁵ ‘six’Lu 86 CuoM
Tshona (Mama)kroʔ⁵³ ‘six’LaPolla 87: 177

2.1.2.1Tibetan28

Tibetan (Alike)tʂuk tɕhəmorpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.05
Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)tʂək tɕəmorpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.4
Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)tʂək tɕəmorpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.5
Tibetan (Balti)tuk◦ču·morpheme ‘sixty’Rangan 75: 71
Tibetan (Batang)tʂu¹³tɕᴜ⁵³morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.03
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)tʂu³¹tɕu⁵³morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.3
Tibetan (Lhasa)tʂhuk¹³tɕu⁵³morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)tʂhuk¹³tɕu⁵⁵morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.02
Tibetan (Written)drug tɕumorpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.01
Tibetan (Written)drug tɕumorpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.1
Tibetan (Xiahe)tʂəχ tɕəmorpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.04

2.1.3Lepcha3

Lepchatarak ‘six’LaPolla 87: 177
Lepchatarók num.‘six’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

2.2Newar3

Newarkhu-gu:morpheme ‘six’Hale 73 CSD: 09.04

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti1

Limbutuk◦simorpheme ‘six’Michailovsky 89 Lm

2.3.2Southern Kiranti1

Kulungtuk◦chimorpheme ‘six’Rai 75 Kul

2.3.3Central Kiranti1

2.3.4Western Kiranti1

Thulungru ‘six’Allen 75

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1

3.2Qiangic52

Ersutʂhu⁵⁵ ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.18
Ersutʂhu⁵⁵zɿ⁵⁵morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.18
Guiqiongkhɔ³³ʃɿ⁵⁵morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.17
Lyuzutʂhu̵⁵³ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.18
Lyuzutʂhu⁵³zɿ⁵³morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.18
Muyatɕhuə⁵³ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.15
Muyatʂu³³tɕuə⁵³morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.15
Muyatʂu⁵³ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.15
Muya [Minyak]tʂu³⁵tɕuɯ⁵³morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.15
Namuyiqhu◦ɔ³³morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.19
Namuyiqhu◦ɔ³¹morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.46
Pumi (Jiulong)tʂhu³⁵qo⁵⁵morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.10
Pumi (Jiulong)tʂhu¹¹ (lĩ⁵⁵morpheme) num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.10
Pumi (Lanping)tʂhu¹³xqo⁵⁵morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.09
Pumi (Qinghua)tʂhu¹³sqo⁵⁵morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.11
Pumi (Taoba)tʂhu³⁵ko⁵³morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.10
Pumi (Taoba)tʂhu³⁵li⁵⁵morphememei³⁵morpheme ‘June’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 81.10
Qiang (Longxi)tsú sámorpheme ‘sixty’Evans 99 Qiang: 1201
Qiang (Longxi)tsú ɚ́morpheme χeìmorpheme ‘sixth’Evans 99 Qiang: 1224
Qiang (Mawo)χtʂuə sumorpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.08
Qiang (Mawo)χtʂə◦sumorpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.8
Qiang (Mianchi)tʂóu qòmorpheme ‘six’Evans 99 Qiang: 1179
Qiang (Mianchi)tʂóu sàmorpheme ‘sixty’Evans 99 Qiang: 1201
Qiang (Mianchi)tʂóu sàmorpheme ȵàmorpheme à#3540 PTB *ʔa ‘ONE’ qómorpheme ‘sixty-one’Evans 99 Qiang: 1202
Qiang (Taoping)χtʂu³¹sɑ³³morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.9
Qiang (Taoping)χtʂu⁵⁵ʂɿ³³morpheme ‘June’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 81.9
Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]tʂhõ⁵⁵tɕã⁵³morpheme ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.16
Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]tʂhõ⁵⁵ɣa⁵³morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.16
Xumitɕho⁵⁵(ko³³morpheme) ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.20
Xumitɕho⁵⁵qɛ³³morpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.20
Xumitɕhu⁵⁵ (ku⁵³morpheme) num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.17
Xumitɕhu⁵⁵qa³³morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.17
Zhaba (Daofu County)tʂho⁵⁵zɿ³³morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.14

3.3rGyalrongic4

Ergong (Danba)wtɕhɛ sqhamorpheme ‘sixty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 935.14
Daofuxtɕhə sqhamorpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.12

6.1Lolo-Burmese2

6.1.1Burmish43

Achang (Longchuan)xʐoʔ⁵⁵ ‘six’LaPolla 87: 177
Achang (Luxi)tshu⁵¹ ‘six’Dai 85 AcJZ
Arakanesehkrau' ‘six’Okell 71
Bola (Luxi)khjauʔ⁵⁵thai⁵⁵morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.32
Leqi (Luxi)khjuk⁵⁵tshe³³morpheme num‘sixty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0820.33
Marmakhrɔʔ ‘six’Huziwara 08 Sak: 399
Maru [Langsu]khyaú ‘six’Okell 71
Atsi [Zaiwa]khjuʔ⁵⁵ ‘six’LaPolla 87: 177
Atsi [Zaiwa]khjuʔ⁵⁵ ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.42

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish31

Gazhuotɕʰo⁵³ ‘six’Dai 91 TB15
Lalokho̱² ‘six’Chen 86 CS: 88.
Liphotʂhu̱² ‘six’Chen 86 CS: 88.
Luquantšʻu 55c ‘six’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 35
Nasutšu 44s ‘six’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 35
Nasutʂho̱⁵⁵ ‘six’Chen 86 CS: 88.
Neisutɕhe¹³ ‘six’Chen 86 CS: 88.
Nesutʂhu̱² ‘six’Chen 86 CS: 88.
Nusu (Northern)khɹu̱⁵³ ‘six’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Southern)tʂhu̱⁵³ ‘six’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Mile)tʂhu̱²¹ ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.25

6.1.2.2Central Loloish29

Ahitʂhu 44s ‘six’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 35
Ahitʂhu̱² ‘six’Chen 86 CS: 88.
Jinuotɕho⁴⁴ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.44
Jinuo (Youle)tɕho⁵⁵ ‘six’Gai 86
Jinuotʃho³³ ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.34
Kucongkhɔ31 ma31morpheme ‘six’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahukhɔ̀ʔ ‘six’LaPolla 87: 177
Lahu (Yellow)khɔ² ‘six’Chang 86
Lisuhchaw6 ‘six’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 35
Lisu (Central)hchaw⁶ ‘six’Fraser 22
Lisutɕho̱³¹ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.40
Lisu (Northern)tɕhɔʔ²¹ Q‘six’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisutʃho⁴¹ ‘six’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 916.27

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish3

Mpikhoʔ² ‘six’Hansson 89 AHKP: 504
Mpikhoʔ² ‘six’Srinuan 76
Mpikʰoʔ² ‘six’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 17

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish4

Pholakʰɔ̠³¹ ‘six’Pelkey 11 Phula: 1063
Phuzatʂʰɯ⁵⁵ ‘six’Pelkey 11 Phula: 1063

6.2Naxi25

Laze (Xiangjiao)qʰɔ˩gv˩morpheme ‘6’[Source note] PST *rukMichaud 06 NaLaze: 1717
Mosotʂʻwa 55 ‘six’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 35
Naxitʂhuɑ⁵⁵ num‘six’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0802.45
Naxi (Lijiang)tʂhuɑ⁵⁵me³³morpheme ‘June’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 81.28

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

9.0.3Modern Chinese2

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2621, *d-k-ruk ‘SIX’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2621
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#411; cf. HPTB pp. 23, 44, 71, 140, 145, 148, 149, 357, 360, 361, 363
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2621,
  title  = {{*d-k-ruk 'SIX'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2621},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2621}
}