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STEDT #238

*g-r(w/y)a(ŋ/k)

BONE / SKELETON

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlem/g/sprefixm/g/sinitialr(rhymea/e)ŋcoverL · N

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*loŋ ‘BONE’JS-HCST: 191

Notes

Note the superficial similarity between this genuine TB etymon*g-ryaŋ and the Nepali word karang ‘rib’. While Dimasa sang-khreng ‘rib’ and Lalung krengʔ ‘bone’ are descended from *g-ryaŋ, Chantyal kərəŋ and Yakha karaŋ are borrowings from Nepali.

The Karbi forms show preemption by the velar prefix.

The Miji and Darang forms reflect an s- prefix.

Reflexes & cognates125 reflexes · 26 subgroups

1NE Indian Areal Group1

Mijisɯraʔ-ljaŋmorpheme ‘rib’Simon 79 Miji

1.1.1Tani1

*Taniloŋ ‘bone’Sun J 93 HCST: 40

1.1.1.1Western Tani42

Apatani(aprefix-lo) jamorpheme-kʰrju#586 PTB *s/r-kawk ⪤ *s/r-kwak ‘OUTER COVERING / SKIN / BARK / RIND’PTani *kruk ‘OUTER COVERING’ ‘skeleton’Sun J 93 Tani

Apataniaprefix-kʰrjɯ#2125 PTB *kri ‘STOMACH’PTani *kri ‘INTESTINES / BELLY’ aprefix-lo ‘rib’Sun J 93 Tani

Apataniaprefix-lo ‘bone’Sun J 93 HCST

Apataniàprefix-ló ‘bone’Sun J 93 Tani

Apataniaprefix-lo ‘bone’Sun J 93 Tani

Apataniaprefix-ló ‘skeleton’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanigor#6327 PTani *gor ‘SHOULDER’-bã#1327 PTB *pwaŋ ‘ARM (upper) / SHOULDER’ aprefix-lo ‘shoulder blade’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanihomorpheme aŋmorpheme aprefix-lo ‘backbone / spine’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanihomorpheme-ãmorpheme aprefix-lo ‘backbone’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanihomorpheme-ãmorpheme aprefix-lo ‘backbone / spine’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanilɯmorpheme-miŋmorpheme aprefix-lo ‘ankle (bone)’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanilɯmorpheme-pʰrja#6528 PTani *praŋ ‘SHIN / SHANK’ (aprefix-lo) ‘shin / shank’Sun J 93 HCST

Apatanilɯmorpheme-pʰrja#6528 PTani *praŋ ‘SHIN / SHANK’ (aprefix-lo) ‘shin (bone)’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanisoʔ#284 PTB *(t)s-wa(s/r) ‘CHEEK / BUTTOCK / CHIN’-komorpheme aprefix-lo ‘jawbone’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatani¹aprefix◦²lo (²) ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 495

Bengniaprefix-loː ‘bone’Sun J 93 HCST

Bengniaprefix-loː ‘bone’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnihɯŋ#214 PTB *s-ha(k/ŋ) ‘LOWER BACK / CROTCH’-kɯmorpheme aprefix-loː ‘backbone / spine’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengniloː-bɯŋmorpheme kɯmorpheme-lɯkmorpheme ‘dislocated (bone)’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengniloː-pummorpheme ‘net-like fibers inside bone’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengniloː-rɯk#419 PTB *rik ‘JOINT’ ‘joint’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnilɯmorpheme-kɯŋmorpheme loː ‘shin’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarloŋ poŋ#1469 PTB *m-bwaŋ ‘BONE’ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.24

Bokarloŋ-poŋ#1469 PTB *m-bwaŋ ‘BONE’ ‘bone’Sun J 93 HCST

Bokarloŋ-poŋ#1469 PTB *m-bwaŋ ‘BONE’ ‘bone’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarloŋ-poŋ#1469 PTB *m-bwaŋ ‘BONE’ pəmorpheme-niː#1448 PTB *ni ‘MARROW / FAT’ ‘marrow’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokar Lhobaloŋ◦poŋ#1469 PTB *m-bwaŋ ‘BONE’ ‘bone’Sun H 80 MLD

Bokar Lhobaloŋ◦poŋ#1469 PTB *m-bwaŋ ‘BONE’ pɯmorpheme◦niː#1448 PTB *ni ‘MARROW / FAT’ ‘marrow’Sun H 80 MLD

Galo`tɨɨmorpheme◦loo n.‘pelvic bone (female)’GLDC 09 Galo

Galoaprefix◦lo ‘bone’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galoaprefix◦loo n.‘bone’GLDC 09 Galo

Galoaprefix◦loo-pookoomorpheme n.‘skeleton’GLDC 09 Galo

Galoaprefix◦loo-pookoomorpheme adj.‘stripped clean (bone)’GLDC 09 Galo

Galocog#2034 PTB *ts(y/w)ak ‘FACE’PCN *tʃak ‘FACE’◦lo ‘jaw’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galodum#1425 PTani *dum ‘HEAD / HAIR’◦poo#388 PTB *(p/b)wa(ŋ) ‘HEAD’-aprefix◦loo n.‘skull’GLDC 09 Galo

Galoloo◦bɨɨmorpheme n.‘hunk (of bone)’GLDC 09 Galo

Galoloo◦niimorpheme n.‘marrow’GLDC 09 Galo

Galolo◦ni#1448 PTB *ni ‘MARROW / FAT’ ‘marrow’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galouprefix◦gi#202 PTB *(k/g)yal ‘BACK (lower) / BUTTOCKS / HIPS’PKC *khel ‘HIP / LOINS’-aprefix◦lo ‘backbone’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galoˆaprefix◦lo ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 495

Miri, Hillkel#202 PTB *(k/g)yal ‘BACK (lower) / BUTTOCKS / HIPS’PKC *khel ‘HIP / LOINS’◦lo ‘backbone’Simon 76 Miri

Taginaprefix◦lo ‘skeleton’Das Gupta 83 Tag

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani13

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]aprefix-long ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]aprefix-loŋ ‘bone’Sun J 93 HCST

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]angkeng#6342 PTani *haŋ-braŋ ⪤ *haŋ-kɯŋ ‘CHEST’ aprefix◦long ‘breastbone / sternum’Matisoff 87 BP

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]gí#209 PTB *g/b-liŋ ⪤ *g/b-lyaŋ ‘BACK / SPINE’PNN *kʰeːŋ ‘BACK (BODY)’TGTM *ᴬʰli ‘BACK / BACKSIDE’-jímorpheme (aprefix◦long) ‘backbone / spine’Matisoff 87 BP

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]íprefix-long ‘bones of neck’Matisoff 87 BP

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]lé#350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’MesorootsPTani *lə (~ *le?) ‘LEG’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’-long ‘shin’Matisoff 87 BP

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]mik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-long ‘eyebrow bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]shogmorpheme-long ‘lower bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Damugeː#201 PTB *m-kal ⪤ *s-gal ‘BACK (lower) / KIDNEY / LOAD / CARRY’PKC *kal ‘KIDNEY’PTk *kal ‘KIDNEY’-tsʰɯk#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ʔaprefix-roː ‘backbone’Sun J 93 Tani

Damuɕok#2034 PTB *ts(y/w)ak ‘FACE’PCN *tʃak ‘FACE’-roː ‘jawbone’Sun J 93 Tani

Damuʔaprefix-roː ‘bone’Sun J 93 Tani

Milangaprefix◦loŋ ‘bone’Tayeng 76 Mil

Milangmimorpheme-aprefix◦lo ‘skeleton’Tayeng 76 Mil

1.1.2Deng8

Darang [Taraon]hrak ‘rib’Matisoff 87 BP

Darang [Taraon]hrak ‘rib’Anonymous xx Tar

Kaman [Miju]rʌ̂k ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 173

Kaman [Miju]ɕiŋ⁵⁵morpheme ɹɑk⁵⁵ ‘bone’Sun H 80 MLD

Kaman [Miju]ɕiŋ⁵⁵morphemerɑk⁵⁵ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.23

Idurõ◦mbomorpheme◦pomorpheme ‘skeleton’Pulu 78

Idurũ◦hãmorpheme◦cimorpheme ‘bone’Pulu 78

Idurũ◦mbõ#1469 PTB *m-bwaŋ ‘BONE’ ‘bone’Pulu 78

1.2.4“Old Kuki”1

Kom Reməprefix◦ru#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ əprefix◦rəŋ ‘skeleton’Toba 91 KRQ: 8.4.1

1.5Mikir [Karbi]3

Mikir [Karbi]kèng aprefix-dòkmorpheme-dákmorpheme arthô#530 PTB *r-sa ‘VEIN / SINEW / INTERNAL CHANNEL / PULSE’PTani *fo ‘SINEW / VEIN’PKC *thaa ‘SINEW / TENDON / STRENGTH’PCN *a-saʔ ‘NERVE, VEIN / POWER, STRENGTH’ ‘ligament (bone to bone)’Grüssner 79 BP: 41

Mikir [Karbi]keng-haloanword◦mbimorpheme ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Mikir [Karbi]kèng-sartímorpheme aprefix-pókmorpheme ‘muscle’Grüssner 79 BP: 43

1.7.1Bodo-Garo1

*Bodo-Garogre'ŋ ‘bone’Burling 59 PBo: 440

1.7.1.1Bodo9

Bodobemorpheme-geŋ ~ bemorpheme-zéŋ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Bodobemorpheme-geʔŋ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Bodobemorpheme◦geŋ ‘bone’Bhat 68 Boro

Bodobemorpheme◦zéŋ ‘bone’Bhat 68 Boro

Dimasabeprefix◦gereng ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Dimasasangmorpheme◦khreng ‘rib’Marrison 67 Naga

Kokborokbəprefix=krəin ‘bone’Tripuri 88

Lalung [Tiwa]krengʔ ‘bone’Balawan 65: 21

Lalung [Tiwa]krengʔ modommorpheme ‘marrow’Balawan 65: 21

Konyakthamorpheme◦wan ‘jaw’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyakwan ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyakwan ‘bone’French 83: 461

Konyak (Tamlu)gaʔ#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’-ɣɛŋ ‘jaw-bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1061

Konyak (Tamlu)ɣɛŋ ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1183

Konyak (Wakching)wan ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1183

Phomvang ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Phomvaŋ ‘bone’French 83: 461

Phomʒæŋ³³ ‘bone’Burling 98 Phom

Wanchokereŋ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.3.1Jingpho1

Jingphon-rang ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.3.2Asakian1

Tamanraŋ ‘bone’Luce 85: K.61

2.1.2.1Tibetan1

Tibetan (Written)rus#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’-krang ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.3Lepcha1

Lepchakŭngmorpheme-gryóng ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.4Tamangish2

Gurung (Ghachok)gāmorpheme-grāng-ngāmorpheme ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP

Gurung (Ghachok)gamorpheme◦graŋ◦ŋamorpheme ‘skeleton’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.A.2

2.2Newar6

Newarbamorpheme◦pimorpheme kwoẽ ‘rib’Shakya 89: 5.1.2

Newarbamorpheme◦pimorpheme-kwae̥ ‘rib’Matisoff 87 BP

Newarchyɔ̃morpheme kwẽ ‘skull’Shakya 89: 2.4

Newarkwae̥ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Newarkwẽ ‘bone’Shakya 89: 8.4

Newarpyɔ̃#399 PTB *(p/b)laŋ ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS’◦pəmorpheme kwẽ ‘hipbone’Shakya 89: 5.8.2

2.3.4Western Kiranti1

Hayugreŋ-kalɪkmorpheme ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang4

Chepangyong◦komorpheme◦lāmorpheme ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP

Chepangyoŋ◦komorpheme◦lamorpheme ‘skeleton’Caughley 72 CVoc: 2.A.2

Chepang (Eastern)yon◦komorpheme◦lamorpheme ‘skeleton’Caughley 90 CheQ: 8.4.1

Magargheng-greng ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP

3.1Tangut2

Tangut [Xixia]lɑ̃ ‘bone’Dai 89 Xixi: 8.4

Tangut [Xixia]rermorpheme lɑ̃ ‘skeleton’Dai 89 Xixi: 8.4.1

3.3rGyalrongic2

Ergong (Northern)rɟjət⁵³morpheme loŋ³³ ‘ligament (bone to bone)’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 8.6

Ergong (Northern)ʁri¹³ cçʰop⁵³morpheme ‘skeleton’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 8.4.1

3.3.1rGyalrong4

rGyalrongtaprefix ro ɕɛ rə#234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘breastbone / sternum’Dai 89 Jiar: 5.1.3

rGyalrong (Eastern)taprefix◦ro ʃɐre#234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘breastbone / sternum’Sun H 91 rEQ: 5.1.3

rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦r ɕɛr̥ə#234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘breastbone / sternum’Sun H 91 rNW: 5.1.3

rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦ro ɕɛru#234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘breastbone / sternum’Sun H 91 rNQ: 5.1.3

6.1.1Burmish2

Hpun (Northern)pàŋ#1255 PTB *(p/b)a(k/ŋ) ‘CHEST / LAP / BOSOM’◦xʀàŋ ‘side of body (see Rib)’Henderson 86 Hpun

Hpun (Northern)pã#1255 PTB *(p/b)a(k/ŋ) ‘CHEST / LAP / BOSOM’◦xʀã, pàŋ◦xʀàŋ ‘rib’Henderson 86 Hpun

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #238, *g-r(w/y)a(ŋ/k) ‘BONE / SKELETON’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/238

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-238,
  title  = {{*g-r(w/y)a(ŋ/k) 'BONE / SKELETON'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #238},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/238}
}