STEDT #2361
*kəw-n/t
SMOKE
Reconstruction analysis
handlekuwinitialkrhymeəw-n/tcoverK · WT
Intermediate reconstructions
Bodo-Garo*ku ‘SMOKE’
Northern Naga/Konyakian*kʰəw ‘SMOKE’
Connections
HPTB*kəw-n/t ‘smoke’pp. 178, 184, 199, 451, 454
Notes
This root could take either the *-n suffix (as in Sunwar, Newar, and Chinese) or the *-t suffix (as in Jingpho).
Many languages have binomes meaning SMOKE, where the first element is #2136 PTB *mey FIRE. This first element is sometimes “prefixized” to simple m-, as in Ergong/Daofu.
Many Loloish languages (e.g., Lahu mû-qhɔ̂) have a similar but different formation where the first element is from #2473 PTB *r-məw SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS.
Lahu has a doublet derived from this etymon: mû-qhɔ̂ ‘smoke’ < PLB *kəw² ⪤ qhɔ̀ʔ-lá ‘ashes’ < PLB *kutᴸ
Chinese comparandum
熏 OC *xi̯wən~χi̯wən, GSR #461a-c ‘smoke, steam, ablaze’; B & S 2011: *qʰun {qʰu[n]}; Mand. xūn.
Reflexes & cognates252 reflexes · 43 subgroups
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)6
1.1.1Tani1
1.1.1.1Western Tani27
Apatanijàprefix-mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ mù-kú ‘smoke (fire)’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanijaprefix-mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ muk' ‘smoke’Sun J 93 Tani
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani8
1.1.2Deng1
1.2Kuki-Chin2
1.2.1.1Northern Chin5
Sizangmē#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ hkō ‘smoke’VanBik 09 PKC: 789
1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin4
1.2.2Central Chin7
Lai (Hakha)mây#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-khǔu ‘fire smoke’VanBik 09 PKC: 789
1.2.3Maraic1
1.3“Naga” Areal Group1
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)26
Ao (Chungli)mo#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦ko◦züsuffix n‘smoke’Ao mo ‘smoke’ reflects #2136 PTB *mey FIRE but shows the result of vowel harmony with the root syllable.Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen)mú#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦kʰùʔ v.‘smoke’Temsunungsang 09 Ao: 13
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦ku◦limorpheme n‘smoke’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khu◦limorpheme n.‘smoke’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagami³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-khuʔ² n.‘cigarette’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.081
Lotha Nagamemorpheme◦khuku◦tong#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ ‘pipe (tobacco)’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦mi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-eprefix◦khu n‘smoke’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Naga³mi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-²kfɯ(ʔ) n.‘smoke’Weidert 87 TBTo: 143
Lotha Naga³mi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’²kfɯ(ʔ) n.‘smoke’Weidert 87 TBTo: 302
Sangtammi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khu n‘smoke’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrümo#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khü n‘smoke’Marrison 67 Naga
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group4
Angami (Khonoma)mi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦ku n‘smoke’Marrison 67 Naga
Angami (Kohima)mi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khu n‘smoke’Marrison 67 Naga
1.3.3Zeme Group2
1.3.4Tangkhulic8
1.7.1Bodo-Garo1
1.7.1.1Bodo1
1.7.1.2Garo1
1.7.1.4Deori2
1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1
1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte3
1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang3
1.7.3.1Jingpho2
Jingphowan#2152 PTB *bʷar ⪤ *pʷar ‘BURN / FIRE / KINDLE / ROAST’MesorootsPTani *par ‘IGNITE’PKC *ʔur ‘BURN / SCORCH’Allofams2 #6713 PTB *(p/b/h)(w/y)a(ː)(r/l/n/t) ‘FIRE / BURN / SHINE / BRIGHT / LIGHT / WHITE’2a #2152 PTB *bʷar ⪤ *pʷar ‘BURN / FIRE / KINDLE / ROAST’2b #5683 PTB *hwa(ː)r ⪤ *yar ‘WHITE / YELLOW / BRIGHT / SHINE’2c #4513 PTB *hur ⪤ *hwar ⪤ *⪤ *hir ⪤ *hyar ‘SWEAT’2d #694 PTB *hul ⪤ *hwa(ː)l ‘HEAT UP / BURN’2e #5395 PTB *hwa(l/r) ‘FIRE / SHINE’2f #3609 PTB *hwam ‘BURN / SHINE’2g #5518 PTB *hwaŋ ‘SHINE / BRIGHT / YELLOW’2h #2271 PTB *hwa(n/t) ‘SHINE / LIGHT’2i #165 PTB *b/s-wa ‘WHITE / YELLOW / BRIGHT’-khut n‘smoke’Benedict 72 STC: 256
Jingphowan#2152 PTB *bʷar ⪤ *pʷar ‘BURN / FIRE / KINDLE / ROAST’MesorootsPTani *par ‘IGNITE’PKC *ʔur ‘BURN / SCORCH’Allofams2 #6713 PTB *(p/b/h)(w/y)a(ː)(r/l/n/t) ‘FIRE / BURN / SHINE / BRIGHT / LIGHT / WHITE’2a #2152 PTB *bʷar ⪤ *pʷar ‘BURN / FIRE / KINDLE / ROAST’2b #5683 PTB *hwa(ː)r ⪤ *yar ‘WHITE / YELLOW / BRIGHT / SHINE’2c #4513 PTB *hur ⪤ *hwar ⪤ *⪤ *hir ⪤ *hyar ‘SWEAT’2d #694 PTB *hul ⪤ *hwa(ː)l ‘HEAT UP / BURN’2e #5395 PTB *hwa(l/r) ‘FIRE / SHINE’2f #3609 PTB *hwam ‘BURN / SHINE’2g #5518 PTB *hwaŋ ‘SHINE / BRIGHT / YELLOW’2h #2271 PTB *hwa(n/t) ‘SHINE / LIGHT’2i #165 PTB *b/s-wa ‘WHITE / YELLOW / BRIGHT’-khut khu v.‘smoke’Benedict 72 STC: 256
2.1.1Western Himalayish6
2.1.2Bodic9
Tsangla (Central)mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-gu ‘smoke’Benedict 72 STC: 256
Tsangla (Central)mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦gu ‘smoke’Andvik 93: 56
Tsangla (Motuo)mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ gu ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.7
Tsangla (Motuo)mu¹³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’hu⁵⁵ ‘smoke’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tsangla (Tilang)mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-gi ‘smoke’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tshona (Wenlang)me³⁵#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’gun⁵⁵ ‘smoke’Lu 86 CuoM
Tshona (Mama)me¹³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’kun⁵⁵ ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.6
2.1.4Tamangish8
Gurungmi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦guq n‘smoke’Hale 73 CSD: 01.081
Gurung (Ghachok)mi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦guq ‘smoke’Glover 72 GuVo: 1.81
Manang (Gyaru)myᴇ²#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ kɯ² ‘smoke’Nagano 84 Man: 102
Manang (Prakaa)³myu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦ku ‘smoke’Hoshi 84: 0149
Tamang (Sahu)'ming#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦ku n‘smoke’Hale 73 CSD: 01.081
Tamang (Sahu)'miŋ#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦ku ‘smoke’Taylor 72 TmVo: 1.81
2.2Newar6
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti8
Athpare (Rai)mi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khu◦maŋmorpheme ‘smoke’Ebert 97 Athpare
Limbu[miː#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khuʔ] n.‘smoke’Weidert 87 TBTo: 143
Limbume#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-ku ‘smoke’Benedict 72 STC: 256
Limbumiːk#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khu ‘smoke’Michailovsky 89 Lm
Limbumiː#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khuː◦mamorpheme n.‘smoke’Weidert 87 TBTo: 143
Limbumi#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦ghuː◦samorpheme n.‘smoke’Weidert 87 TBTo: 143
2.3.2Southern Kiranti1
2.3.4Western Kiranti6
2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang9
Chepanghmeʔ#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-kuʔ ‘smoke’Caughley 72 CVoc: 1.81
Chepanghmeʔ#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’.kuʔ n‘smoke’Hale 73 CSD: 01.081
Chepanghmeʔ#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’.kuʔ n.‘smoke’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanghmeʔ#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’.kuʔ n.‘smoke’Caughley 00 Chepang
3.2Qiangic34
Ersumɛ³³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ŋkhɛ⁵⁵ ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.18
Guiqiongmø³³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’xø⁵³ ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.17
Guiqiongmø³¹#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’xø⁵⁵ n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.16
Lyuzume³³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’nkhɯ⁵³ n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.18
Qiang (Longxi)khuà pià#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’ tshɨ̀#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘fatty meat’Evans 99 Qiang: 588
Qiang (Longxi)mù#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ khú ‘smoke’Evans 99 Qiang: 21
Qiang (Longxi)pià#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’ tshɨ̀#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ khuà ‘fatty meat’Evans 99 Qiang: 588
Qiang (Mawo)mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ xu̥ n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.08
Qiang (Mawo)mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ xu ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.8
Qiang (Mawo)mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ xu̥ təmorpheme tʂhɑmorpheme v.‘smoke / fumigate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1743.08
Qiang (Mawo)tumorpheme mu#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’ xu̥ v.‘smoke / fumigate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1743.08
Xumiȵɛ³³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’khuɛ⁵³ n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.17
Xumiȵɛ³³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’khuɛ⁵⁵ v.‘smoke / fumigate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1743.17
3.3rGyalrongic3
Daofum#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khə n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.12
3.3.1rGyalrong6
4Nungic1
6.1Lolo-Burmese3
6.1.1Burmish16
Achang (Lianghe)mi³¹#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’khɑu³⁵ ‘smoke’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)ni³¹#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’xau³¹ n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.28
Achang (Longchuan)ni³¹#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’xau³¹ ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.41
Achang (Luxi)mi⁵¹#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’khau⁵⁵ ‘smoke’Dai 85 AcJZ
Burmese (Rangoon)mi⁵⁵#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’kho⁵⁵ n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.27
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)mi⁵⁵#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’kho⁵⁵ ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.40
Burmese (Written)mì#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-khuì n.‘smoke’Weidert 87 TBTo: 302
Burmese (Written)mì#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’-khuì ⪤ ăprefix◦khuì ‘smoke’Benedict 72 STC: 256
Burmese (Written)mī:#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’◦khui: n‘smoke’Marrison 67 Naga
Burmese (Written)mi³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’kho³ n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.26
6.1.2Loloish3
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish3
6.1.2.2Central Loloish17
Lahumɨ̂#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’◦qhɔ n.‘smoke’Weidert 87 TBTo: 302
Lahu (Lancang)mv⁵³#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’qhɔ⁵³ n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.43
Lahu (Black)mû#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’-qhɔ̂ ‘smoke’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 11
Lahu (Black)mû#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’-qhɔ ‘smoke’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 59
Lahu (Black)mû#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’-qhɔ̂ ‘smoke’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 288
Lahu (Black)mu⁵³#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’qhɔ⁵³ ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.33
Lahu (Yellow)mv̩³#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’qhɔ³ ‘smoke’Chang 86
Lisu (Northern)mu²¹#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’khu²¹ N‘tobacco; smoke’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisumu³¹#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’khu³¹ n‘smoke’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0019.40
Lisumu³¹#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’khu³¹ ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.27
Lisu (Luquan)mu³¹#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’khɯ³¹ n‘smoke’Xu 86 Lisu
Lisu (Central)mu⁵#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’-hku⁵ n.‘smoke’Fraser 22
Lisumù#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’◦khù n.‘smoke’Weidert 87 TBTo: 302
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish10
Akha (Yunnan)xhà lɛ́#5606 PTB *la ‘ASHES’PTk *la ‘ASHES’PL *C-la¹ ‘ASHES’ ‘ashes’Hansson 89 AHKP: 233
Hani (Dazhai)xa³¹le⁵⁵#5606 PTB *la ‘ASHES’PTk *la ‘ASHES’PL *C-la¹ ‘ASHES’ ‘ashes’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 472.31
Hani (Lüchun)xhà lɛ́#5606 PTB *la ‘ASHES’PTk *la ‘ASHES’PL *C-la¹ ‘ASHES’ ‘ashes’Hansson 89 AHKP: 233
Hani (Lüchun)xha lɛ́#5606 PTB *la ‘ASHES’PTk *la ‘ASHES’PL *C-la¹ ‘ASHES’ ‘ashes’Hansson 89 AHKP: 76
6.2Naxi5
Laze (Xiangjiao)mu˧#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’kʰv˥ ‘smoke’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 52
Na (Yongning)mv˧#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’kʰv˧˥ ‘smoke’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Yongning)mv³¹#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’khv¹³ ‘smoke’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 46.29
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #2361,
*kəw-n/t ‘SMOKE’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2361Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#256, HPTB
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2361,
title = {{*kəw-n/t 'SMOKE'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2361},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2361}
}