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STEDT #3606

*kram

FENCE / GARDEN

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · provisional

Connections

HPTB*kram ‘fence / garden’pp. 22, 299

HPTB (PLB)*kram¹ ‘fence / garden’p. 253

Chinese comparandum

檻 OC *g’lɑm ~ *g’lɑ̂m, GSR #609g ‘railing; cage’; Schuessler 2007:306 *grâmʔ; B & S 2011: (*gˁram); Mand. jiàn.

Reflexes & cognates63 reflexes · 10 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1

*Tibeto-Burmankram ‘fence / garden’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 596

3.2Qiangic8

Ersufu⁵⁵morphemetʂhɛ⁵⁵ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.18

Lyuzufu³³morphemetʂhɯ⁵³ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.18

Namuyidzɛ³³morphementshu⁵⁵morphemeqhɛʴ⁵⁵ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.19

Namuyiʁuo³³morphemetsuo⁵⁵morphemeqhæ⁵³ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.46

Pumi (Qinghua)ȵɑ¹³morphemeqhe¹³ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.11

Pumi (Taoba)kho⁵⁵rɛ⁵³morpheme ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.10

Qiang (Mawo)kuz ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.8

Qiang (Taoping)tshie⁵⁵#5375 PTB *r-tsaːl ‘VEGETABLE’kie³³ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.9

6.1Lolo-Burmese2

*Lolo-Burmesekram¹ ‘fence / garden’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 596

*Lolo-Burmesekram¹ ‘fence’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 16

6.1.1Burmish31

Achang (Longchuan)khʐam⁵⁵ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.28

Achang (Xiandao)khʐam⁵⁵ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.29

Achang (Xiandao)oʔ⁵⁵#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’khʐam⁵⁵ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.29

Arakanesehkren ‘garden’Okell 71

Bola (Luxi)khjɛ̃⁵⁵ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.32

Burmese (Rangoon)tɕhɑ̃²² n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.27

Burmese (Rangoon)tɕhɑ̃²²si⁵⁵morphemejo⁵⁵morpheme n‘fence (bamboo / twig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0521.27

Burmese (Rangoon)tθo⁵⁵#6080 PTB *səw ‘SHEEP’PKar *soᴬ ‘SHEEP’tɕhɑ̃²² n‘sheepfold / pen (sheep)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0506.27

Burmese (Rangoon)wɛʔ⁴#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’tɕhɑ̃²² n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.27

Burmese (Standard Spoken)hcan ‘garden’Okell 71

Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)tɕhɑ̃²² ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.40

Burmese (Written)khram ‘fence’Hansson 89 AHKP: 377

Burmese (Written)khram̊ ‘garden’Okell 71

Burmese (Inscriptional)khram ‘garden’Okell 71

Burmese (Written)khraṁ n.‘fence, enclosure’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)khrɑṁ² n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.26

Burmese (Written)khrɑṁ² ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.39

Burmese (Written)khrɑṁ²sɑŋ³morphemero³morpheme n‘fence (bamboo / twig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0521.26

Burmese (Written)kʰram ‘fence’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 16

Burmese (Written)tθo³#6080 PTB *səw ‘SHEEP’PKar *soᴬ ‘SHEEP’khrɑṁ² n‘sheepfold / pen (sheep)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0506.26

Burmese (Written)wɑk⁴#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’khrɑṁ² n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.26

Langsu (Luxi)khjɛ̃³¹ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.31

Leqi (Luxi)khjam³³ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.33

Leqi (Luxi)kjɔʔ³¹#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’khɔm³³ n‘pen (chicken)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0507.33

Leqi (Luxi)tʃhɔt⁵⁵#1226 PTB *r-tsit ‘GOAT / BEARD / GOATEE / YAK-HAIR’PLB *V-ci:tᴸ ‘GOAT / SHEEP’pat³¹morphemekhɔm³³ n‘sheepfold / pen (sheep)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0506.33

Leqi (Luxi)vuʔ³¹#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’khɔm³³ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.33

Maru [Langsu]khjɛ̃³¹ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.43

Maru [Langsu]khyè ‘garden’Okell 71

Tavoyanhcan ‘garden’Okell 71

Atsi [Zaiwa]khjam⁵¹ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]khjam⁵¹ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.42

6.1.2Loloish2

*Loloishkram¹ ‘fence’Bradley 79 PLo: 353

*Loloishkram¹ ‘fence’Hansson 89 AHKP: 377

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish4

Gazhuoo³¹morphemeȵo²⁴morphemetɕha³¹ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.47

Nusu (Central)khɹa³³ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.34

Nusu (Northern)ɣɑ̃³⁵morphemeɹɑ³¹ ‘vegetable garden’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Bijiang)ɣɑ̃⁵⁵morphemekhɹɑ³⁵ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.45

6.1.2.2Central Loloish6

Jinuoa³³morphemeke³³morphemekhɛ³³ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.34

Jinuokhɛ³³khø³³morpheme n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.44

Jinuo (Youle)khɛ⁴² ‘hedge / fence’Gai 86

Lahu (Lancang)i³⁵prefixmv⁵³#1431 PTB *s/m-raŋ ‘HORSE’PKC *raŋ ‘HORSE’PLB *mraŋ² ‘HORSE’khɔ⁵⁴ n‘stable / fence (horse)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0505.43

Lahu (Black)kʰo ‘fence’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 16

Lahu (Black)ɣɔ⁵³morphemetsᴀ³⁵morphemekho³³ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.33

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish7

Akha (Yunnan)gɔ̀morpheme khḿ ‘fence’Hansson 89 AHKP: 377

Akhakhḿ ‘fence’Hansson 89 AHKP: 377

Akha (Thai)khḿ ‘fence’Hansson 89 AHKP: 377

Hani (Caiyuan)ja⁵⁵morphemekhe⁵⁵ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.30

Hani (Gelanghe)ɣɔ³¹morphemeȵø⁵⁵morphemeja⁵⁵morphemekhm̩⁵⁵ ‘vegetable garden’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Shuikui)xɔ⁵⁵morphemekhu⁵⁵ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.32

Hani (Mojiang)xɔ⁵⁵morphemekhu⁵⁵ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.42

6.2Naxi4

Na (Yongning)qʰwæ˧ɭɯ˧morpheme ‘vegetable garden’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Naxikho²¹ n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.45

Naxi (Yongning)tsha³³morphemekhuɑ¹³ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.29

Naxi (Lijiang)xo³¹morphemephe⁵⁵morphemekho³¹ ‘vegetable garden’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 366.28

7Karenic3

Karengɑ̱̆³¹rɛ̱⁵⁵morpheme n‘garden (plot)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0522.50

Kayan (Pekon)kʰó̤ N‘garden’Manson 10 Kayan

Pa-Okhràm ‘farm, garden’Solnit 89 PaO

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #3606, *kram ‘FENCE / GARDEN’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3606

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. HPTB pp.22, 299

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-3606,
  title  = {{*kram 'FENCE / GARDEN'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #3606},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3606}
}