The Body › Diffuse Organs › Bone

STEDT #237

*g-ra-t

BONE

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handleg/s-initialr(w)rhymea-scoverL · VS

Connections

HPTB*g-ra ‘fishbone / spine’p. 173

HPTB*s/m/g-rus ‘bone’pp. 44, 48, 102, 387, 435, 437, 442, 465, 477

Notes

There are several Tujia forms with initial velar (e.g. si³lu¹ga¹ ‘pig’s bone’, lu¹ga¹ ‘bone’), which might belong to this root, if we assume preemption by the prefix. On the other hand, we are considering the Bai forms to descend from this etymon on the strength of the -w- medial.

Jingpho has developed a nasal prefix with this root.

Chinese comparandum

呂 / 吕 OC *gli̯o, GSR #76a-c ‘spine; pitchpipe’; Schuessler 2007:367 *raʔ; B & S 2011: *raʔ {[r]aʔ}; Mand. lǚ.
梠 OC *gli̯o, GSR #76e-f ‘beam supporting rafters of a roof’; Schuessler 2007:367 *raʔ; B & S 2011: (*raʔ {[r]aʔ}); Mand. lǚ.
旅 OC *gli̯o, GSR #77a ‘arrange in a series; one after another; troops, multitude’; Schuessler 2007:367 *raʔ; B & S 2011: *raʔ {[r]aʔ}; Mand. lǚ.

Comment: The etymon above glossed ‘arrange in a series...’, etc. is apparently the earliest to be associated with the graph 旅 lǚ in Chinese. The same graph, 旅, was later borrowed to represent another, unrelated etymon glossed ‘guest, stranger, ... lodging’, which is also a comparandum for #5531 PTB *d-gra STRANGER / ENEMY.

Note that the graph 膂 (GSR #77e), Mand. lǚ, is essentially the same etymon as 旅, with the same OC reconstruction.

Reflexes & cognates79 reflexes · 18 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1

*Tibeto-Burmang-ra ‘fishbone / spine’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 609

1.1.2Deng2

Idusubmorpheme◦rupmorpheme◦ra ‘rib’Anonymous 62 Idu

Iduxubmorpheme◦rupmorpheme◦ra ‘rib’Pulu 78

1.2.1.1Northern Chin1

Tiddimāŋomorpheme◦soŋmorpheme◦ra ‘spine (upper)’Matisoff 87 BP

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1

Sangtamtrü v‘fear’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.3Zeme Group6

Liangmeipamorpheme◦rah ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Maramra◦ghaumorpheme ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Zemehemorpheme◦meimorpheme◦ra ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Zemepemorpheme◦ra ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Zeme⁵mamorpheme³ra ‘bone [lit. one's bone]’Weidert 87 TBTo: 495

Mziemepemorpheme◦ra ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic16

Tangkhulāprefix-ra ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulāprefix-ra āprefix-rā ‘bones of all sorts’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulāprefix-ra-kuimorpheme ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulāprefix-rāp#558 PTB *s/b-ram ‘RIB’PTk *raap ‘RIB’ thiŋ#3379 PTB *s-riŋ ‘RIB’-ra ‘rib’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulākashaimorpheme◦ra ‘collarbone / clavicle’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulāmorpheme◦khum#206 PTB *(k/g)um ‘BACK / BODY’PTk *kʰum ‘BACK’◦renmorpheme◦ra◦li kazan ‘backbone / spine’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulāprefix◦kui#386 PTB *m/s-gaw ‘HEAD’PCN *ku ‘HEAD’PTk *kow ‘HEAD’◦ra ‘skull’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulāprefix◦mei#5545 PTB *r-mey ‘TAIL’MesorootsPCN *a-hmej ‘TAIL’PTk *mej ‘TAIL’PNN *C̥-meːy ‘TAIL’PKar *meᴮ ‘TAIL’Allofams1 #1288 PTB *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’1a #5545 PTB *r-mey ‘TAIL’ phāŋ#3326 PTB *pa(ŋ/k) ‘BACK / BOTTOM / UNDER / BEHIND’PNN *pʰaŋ ‘UNDER’◦ra ‘pelvis’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulaprefix◦ra ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangkhulāprefix◦raŋ?◦phāŋ#3326 PTB *pa(ŋ/k) ‘BACK / BOTTOM / UNDER / BEHIND’PNN *pʰaŋ ‘UNDER’◦ra ‘pelvis’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulaprefix◦ra◦kuimorpheme ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangkhulkhaishāŋmorpheme ra ‘thigh bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulmaprefix◦thik#289 PTB *m-twa(k/ŋ) ‘CHEST / BREAST / RIB’PTk *tʰik ‘LUNG / CHEST’◦ra ‘breastbone / sternum’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulphei#343 PTB *pey ‘LEG / THIGH / FOOT’PKC *phay ‘THIGH / LEG’PCN *phej ‘THIGH’PTk *pʰej ‘FOOT / LEG’ nā#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’-tāŋ#808 PTB *t(w)a(ŋ/n) ‘NOSE’ ra ‘shinbone ("leg-nose-bone")’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulshakmorpheme◦shimorpheme◦ra ‘hip’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangkhulshakmorpheme◦shimorpheme◦ra ‘hip’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte5

Nocteamorpheme ra ‘bone’French 83: 461

Nocteamorpheme◦ra ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

Noctekaʔ#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’-²ra ‘jaw-bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1061

Nocte²ra(ʔ) ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 495

Nocte²tam#1362 PTB *(d/t)am ‘HIPS / WAIST / SMALL OF BACK / BUTTOCKS / TAIL’²ra¹khoŋ#219 PTB *k(w)a(ŋ/k) ‘WAIST / HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / BACK’ ‘backbone / spine’Weidert 87 TBTo: 828

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang2

Wanchohomorpheme ra ‘bone’French 83: 461

Wanchohomorpheme◦ra ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.3.1Jingpho12

Jingphogəprefix◦rèp#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’ nra ‘rib’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphokaprefix◦rep#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’ nra ‘rib’Marrison 67 Naga

Jingphokhyun#207 PTB *m-k(y)un ‘BACK / KIDNEY’ nra ‘lumbar vertebrae’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphokəhpàqprefix nra ‘collarbone / clavicle’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphomă³¹morphemeʒuŋ³³morphemen³¹ʒa³³ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.19

Jingphon-rut#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ n-ra ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphon-ra ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphonra ‘bone’prefixMarrison 67 Naga

Jingphonra ləprefix◦səwi#5485 PTB *suy ‘MARROW’Allofams1a #230 PTB *s-hywəy-t ‘BLOOD’1b #5485 PTB *suy ‘MARROW’ ‘marrow’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphon̩³³ ʒa³³ ‘bone’Liu 84

Jingphon³¹ʒa³³ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.19

Jingpho¹n²ra ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 495

2.1.2Bodic3

Baimandzɔ¹³#215 PTB *gyu-k ⪤ *dzyu-k ‘WAIST’PLB *gyukᴸ ⪤ *džukᴸ ‘WAIST’ rɑ⁵³ ‘hipbone’Sun H 91 Baim: 5.8.2

Tshona (Mama)rɔɔ¹³ pha⁵³morpheme ‘bone’LaPolla 87: 153

Tshona (Mama)rɔː¹³ pʰᴀ⁵³morpheme ‘bone’Sun H 80 MLD

2.1.2.1Tibetan1

Tibetan (Written)gra-masuffix ‘fishbone’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.3Lepcha3

Lepchaahprefix-răt ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Lepchaăhprefix◦răt ‘bone’Benedict 72 STC: 17n62

Lepchaʔáhprefix◦ret n.‘bone’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti2

Limbune#2052 PTB *ney ‘CHEEK / CHIN’◦deŋ#286 PTB *l/m-da(n/ŋ) ‘CHIN / CHEEK’◦yet ‘cheekbone’Matisoff 87 BP

Limbuyet◦siŋ#1112 PTB *siŋ ⪤ *syaŋ ‘CHIN / JAW / BEARD’◦bāsuffix ‘chin’Matisoff 87 BP

3.1Tangut1

Tangut [Xixia]ɣɑ̣ ‘bone’Nishida 64 Tan: 8-081

3.2Qiangic7

Qiang (Mawo)dəmorpheme kæmorpheme ɹə◦pætʂə̥morpheme ‘thigh bone / femur’Sun H 91 MawQ: 6.2.1.1

Qiang (Mawo)rə◦patʂmorpheme ‘bone’[Source note] (patʂ ‘round’).LaPolla 87: 153

Qiang (Mawo)tsupmorpheme əʴ pɑtʂmorpheme n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.08

Qiang (Mawo)əʴ pɑtʂ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.08

Qiang (Mawo)ɹə pætʂmorpheme ‘bone’Sun H 91 MawQ: 8.4

Qiang (Mawo)ɹə◦patʂmorpheme ‘bone’Sun H 81 Qia

Qiang (Mawo)ɹə◦patʂʷmorpheme ‘bone’Sun J 86 Mawo

6.1.2.2Central Loloish1

Lahu (Black)ɔ̀#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’-ká-kumorpheme ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

8Bai15

Bai (Bijiang)quɑ̱⁴⁴ ‘bone’Xu 84 Bai

Bai (Dali)k'ua tömorpheme tsɛmorpheme 232 ‘knee’Dell 81: 128

Bai (Dali)kuɑ̱⁴⁴ tɯ̱²¹morpheme ‘bone’Xu 84 Bai

Bai (Dali)kʰua² tœ³morpheme tsɛ²morpheme ‘knee’Dell 81: pp.150-169

Bai (Jianchuan)kua³³tiə⁴²morphemeka̱³³morpheme n‘knee’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0101.48

Bai (Jianchuan)kua̱⁴⁴ tɯ̱²¹morpheme ‘bone’Zhao 90: 8.4

Bai (Jianchuan)kua̱⁴⁴ tɯ̱²¹morpheme tɕa̱⁴⁴morpheme ‘skeleton’Zhao 90: 8.4.1

Bai (Jianchuan)kua̱⁴⁴ ɕuĩ³³loanword ‘marrow’Zhao 90: 8.4.3

Bai (Jianchuan)kuɑ̱³³tiə⁴²morpheme n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.48

Bai (Jianchuan)kuɑ̱⁴⁴ tɯ̱²¹morpheme ‘bone’Xu 84 Bai

Bai (Jianchuan)kuɑ̱⁴⁴ ɕuĩ³³loanword ‘marrow’Jianchuan ɕuĩ³³ loan from Chinese.Xu 84 Bai

Bai (Jianchuan)kʰuæ³¹ pi⁵⁵morpheme kua̱⁴⁴morpheme tɯ̱²¹morpheme ‘thigh bone / femur’Zhao 90: 6.2.1.1

Bai (Jianchuan)kʰuæ³¹ tsɿ³³morpheme te̱⁴⁴morpheme ‘knee’Zhao 90: 6.2.2

Bai (Jianchuan)kʰuæ³¹ tsɿ³³morpheme te̱⁴⁴morpheme kʰo³³morpheme ‘knee cap / patella’Zhao 90: 6.2.2.1

Bai (Jianchuan)tõ³¹#225 PTB *m-daŋ ‘BUTTOCKS / HIPS / TAIL / LOWER BACK / LOINS’ kua̱⁴⁴ ɕui³³morpheme jɯ̱̃⁴²morpheme ‘backbone / spine’Zhao 90: 5.5.4

9.0.1Old Chinese1

Chinese (Old/Mid)gli̯o/li̯wo: ‘backbone / spine; pitch-pipe’Karlgren 57 GSR: 76a-c

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #237, *g-ra-t ‘BONE’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/237

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. HPTB p.173

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-237,
  title  = {{*g-ra-t 'BONE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #237},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/237}
}