STEDT
Verbs of Motion, of Manipulation, and of Production  ›  Giving
STEDT #2425

*g/s-lwat

FREE / RELEASE / SLIP / DISLOCATE
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlelwatprefixginitiallwrhymeatcoverL · T

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*lut¹ ‘SLIP (v.)’JS-HCST: 208; note that ¹ is not a tone
Kuki-Chin*khlaʔ ‘RELEASE / SET FREE’PKC #1297
Kuki-Chin*hloo-I, hloot-II ‘EXPEL / ABANDON’PKC #1107

Connections

HPTB*g/s-lwat ‘free / release / loose / relax’pp. 70, 82, 84, 136, 332, 334

Notes

A number of languages (WT, WB, and Kuki-Chin) reflect two different prefixes with this root. The variant with the *s- prefix has a causative meaning (‘set free, release’).

Chinese comparandum

脫 OC *t’wɑ̂t, GSR #324m ‘peel off, take off (clothes), escape, etc.’; Coblin 86:105-6 ST *hƚot > PC *hluat > OC *thuat; Schuessler 2007:504 *l(h)ôt; B & S 2011: *mə-l̥ˁot; Mand. tuō.
蛻 OC *t’wɑ̂d, GSR #324e ‘exuviae (skin cast off during molting); Schuessler 2007:504 *l(h)ôts; B & S 2011: *l̥ˁot-s; Mand. tuì.

兌 OC *d’wɑ̂d, GSR #324a-c ‘glad’; Coblin 86:105-6 ST *ƚot > OC *duadh; Schuessler 2007:586 *lhôts; B & S 2011: *lˁot-s ; Mand. duì.
悅 OC *di̯wɑt, GSR #324o ‘pleased’; Coblin 86:105-6 ST *ƚot > OC *ruat; Schuessler 2007:586 *lot; B & S 2011: *lot; Mand. yuè.
說 OC *śi̯wɑt, GSR #324q ‘speak, explain’; Schuessler 2007:476-7 *lhot; B & S 2011: *l̥ot; Mand. shuō.
說 OC *śi̯wɑd, GSR #324q ‘exhort’; Schuessler 2007:476-7 *lhots; B & S 2011: *l̥ot-s; Mand. shuì.
奪 OC *d’wɑ̂t, GSR #274a ‘rob, snatch’; Schuessler 2007:500 *lôt; B & S 2011: *Cə.lˁot; Mand. duó.
偷 OC *t’u, GSR #125u ‘steal’; Schuessler 2007:500 *lho; B & S 2011: *l̥ˁo; Mand. tōu.
愉 S585. *lo enjoy yú

Reflexes & cognates102 reflexes · 23 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetanhl+ot/l+ot/lot ‘loose / free / take off’also contains *s-grwal ⪤ *ʔwal Coblin 86: 105

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)4

*Tibeto-Burmang-lwat ‘free / release’Benedict 72 STC: 209
*Tibeto-Burmang-lwat ⪤ *s-lwat ‘slippery’LaPolla 87: 197
*Tibeto-Burmang-lwat ⪤ s-lwat ⪤ ʔ-lwat ‘free / release / loose / slippery’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 022
*Tibeto-Burmang/s-lwat ‘free / release / loose / relax’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 600

1.1.1Tani1

*Tanilut¹ v‘slip’Sun J 93 HCST: 372

1.1.1.1Western Tani1

Bengnipaːmorpheme-lit v‘slip’Sun J 93 HCST

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani1

1.1.2Deng2

Darang [Taraon]gle⁵³ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.22
Kaman [Miju]klɑ̆t⁵⁵ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.23

1.2Kuki-Chin2

*Chinhloo-I, hloot-II ‘EXPEL / ABANDON’VanBik 09 PKC: 1107
*Chinkhlaʔ ‘RELEASE / SET FREE’VanBik 09 PKC: 1297

1.2.1.1Northern Chin5

Paitekhah khia ‘release’VanBik 09 PKC: 1297
Sizanghtā hī ‘release’VanBik 09 PKC: 1297
Thadohlàa ‘let go (e.g. bird, rope), release’VanBik 09 PKC: 1297
Tiddimkha?³ v‘release; put in ingredients while cooking food or’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 703
Tiddimkhaʔ³ ‘release; put in ingredients while cooking food or preparing medicines’VanBik 09 PKC: 1297

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin2

Cho (Mindat)ngprefix-hlawt be v.‘expelling others’VanBik 09 PKC: 1107

1.2.2Central Chin4

Lai (Hakha)hlôo-I, hloot-II ‘expel, abandon’VanBik 09 PKC: 1107
Lai (Hakha)thlaʔ-INV ‘release, set free, send off’VanBik 09 PKC: 1297
Lushai [Mizo]thlàh v‘release, to let go, to set free (anything held or seized)’VanBik 09 PKC: 1297

1.7.1.1Bodo2

Bodopimorpheme lir v‘heavy, make’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodopəmorpheme◦lir v‘heavy, make’Bhat 68 Boro

1.7.3.1Jingpho7

Jingpholòt ‘escape, be free, unrestrained’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 022
Jingpholòt be v.‘free’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 332
Jingpholot v.‘escape, be free, unrestrained’LaPolla 87: 197
Jingpholot ‘escape; be free, unrestrained’Benedict 72 STC: 209
Jingphošəlòt ‘set free’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 022
Jingphošəlòt ‘set free’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 332
Jingphośəlot ‘set free’Benedict 72 STC: 209

2.1.2Bodic2

Tshona (Mama)ɬø⁵³ɬøʔ⁵³ ‘loose / lax’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 880.6
Cuona Menbaɬø⁵⁵ɬøʔ⁵³ ‘lax / loose / slack’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1041.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan8

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)ɬo posuffix ‘loose / lax’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 880.5
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)ɬø⁵⁵ɬø⁵³ ‘loose / lax’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 880.3
Tibetan (Lhasa)ɬø⁵⁵po⁵⁵suffix ‘lax / loose / slack’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1041.02
Tibetan (Written)glod-pasuffix ‘loosen, relax, slacken’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 022
Tibetan (Written)glod-pasuffix ‘loosen, relax, slacken’Benedict 72 STC: 209
Tibetan (Written)hlod-pasuffix ‘loose, relaxed’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 022
Tibetan (Written)hlod-pasuffix ‘loose, relaxed’Benedict 72 STC: 209
Tibetan (Written)hlod-padsuffix ‘loose, relaxed’LaPolla 87: 197

3.2Qiangic2

Lyuzutho³³morphemekuo⁵³ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.18
Qiang (Mawo)domorpheme χlu v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.08

3.3.1rGyalrong20

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Fubian)'jəmorpheme◦lat v‘release’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0995
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Hanniu)dəmorpheme◦'lat v‘release’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0995
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Xingge)jə'morpheme◦lɑt v‘release’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0995
rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Dasang)təmorpheme◦ˈlɛ̤ v‘release’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0995
rGyalrong (Maerkang Dazang)ȵomorpheme◦'lat / ȵomorpheme◦'tamorpheme v‘release’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0995

4Nungic1

Dulongɑ³¹prefixlɛʔ⁵⁵ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.20

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

*Lolo-Burmesek-lwat ‘free / set free’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 183a

6.1.1Burmish23

Achang (Longchuan)ɕet³⁵ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.28
Burmese (Rangoon)lwɛ⁵⁵ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.27
Burmese (Rangoon)ɬuʔ⁴ v.‘release / set free’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1626.27
Burmese (Written)hlot⁴ v.‘release / set free’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1626.26
Burmese (Written)hlwat v.‘free, release’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)hlwat ‘free, release’Benedict 72 STC: 209
Burmese (Written)khywat ‘release, free’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 022
Burmese (Written)khywat ‘set free, loosen’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 332
Burmese (Written)khywat ‘take off’Okell 71
Burmese (Written)khywat ‘release, free’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)khywat ‘release, free’Benedict 72 STC: 209
Burmese (Written)kywat ‘loosed, freed; entire’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)kywat ‘loosed, freed’LaPolla 87: 197
Burmese (Written)kywat ‘loosed, freed’Benedict 72 STC: 209
Burmese (Written)lwɑi³ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.26
Burmese (Written)phyat ‘quick in speech, fluent’Benedict 76 WBur
Hpun (Northern)lwàiʔ ‘free, set’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Northern)lwàiʔ ‘set free’Henderson 86 Hpun
Langsu (Luxi)kjɛt³¹ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.31
Atsi [Zaiwa]kjut²¹ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.30

6.1.2.2Central Loloish16

Lahu (Lancang)le²¹ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.43
Lahu (Lancang)le⁵⁴ ‘slippery (road)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1039.43
Lahu (Lancang)le⁵⁴ɛ³¹morpheme ‘smooth / glossy / sleek’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1037.43
Lahu (Black)lêʔ v.‘slip; be slippery, smooth (of objects); free-flowing (of a liquid); glib, smooth-tongued (of a person)’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 022
Lahu (Black)lêʔ ‘slippery, smooth’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 332
Lahu (Black)lêʔ ‘slip / be loose’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 183a
Lahu (Yellow)le⁶ ‘slippery / smooth’Chang 86
Lisu (Central)brgh⁵morpheme-ja³morpheme-lē¹ v.‘slip / stumble’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)thɔʔ²¹morphemetɕɤ³⁵morphemeje³³ n‘slip in the step’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisutshe³³morphemee³³ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.40
Lisu (Central)tɕhøʔ²¹morphemeje³³ V‘slip and fall; lubricate’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tɕhɤʔ²¹morphemeje³³ V‘slip and fall; lubricate’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)tɕø³⁵morphemeje³³ N‘slip’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tɕɤ³⁵morphemeje³³ N‘slip’Bradley 94 Lisu
Yi (Sani)ɬɤ⁴⁴ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish2

Hani (Lüchun)le̱³³ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.41
Hani (Mojiang)l̥i̱³³ v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.42

7Karenic2

Bwelamorpheme gəlɛ̀ be v.‘fluent of speech’Henderson 97 Kar
Kayan (Pekon)pʰprefix◦lài ADJ‘clear, fluent’Manson 10 Kayan

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2425, *g/s-lwat ‘FREE / RELEASE / SLIP / DISLOCATE’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2425
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#209
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2425,
  title  = {{*g/s-lwat 'FREE / RELEASE / SLIP / DISLOCATE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2425},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2425}
}