STEDT
STEDT #1646

*r/m/d/s-ga

COPULATE / LOVE / WANT

Reconstruction analysis

handlegaprefixrinitialgrhymeacoverK · V

Intermediate reconstructions

Lolo-Burmese*m-ga² ‘WANT / THINK / LOVE’

Connections

HPTB (PLB)*m-ga² ‘want / think / love’p. 163

Notes

This etymon is extremely well attested, occurring in the NE Indian Areal Group, Himalayish, Lolo-Burmese, Nungish, Qiangic, and probably Baic. Its range of meanings extends from WANT/DESIRE to LOVE to COPULATE. This root is notable for the large number of prefixes that it has acquired in various branches of TB: *r- (in Qiangic [rGyalrong, Ergong] and Amdo Tibetan); *N- (in Loloish and perhaps Meluri); *d- (in Written Tibetan), and *s- (in Qiangic [Pumi]).

This etymon has been grammaticalized in Lahu, where it now functions as a desiderative particle, e.g. qay gâ ‘want to go’, dɔ̀ gâ ‘want to drink’, etc. See Matisoff 1988a:399-400.

We have tentatively grouped Loloish forms with initial velar stops with those with initial labial or velar nasals, assuming that the former descend from the unprefixed root while the latter show preemption of the root initial by the nasal prefix.

Reflexes & cognates154 reflexes · 22 subgroups

1.1“North Assam”1

1.1.1.1Western Tani3

Bokargeː v‘want’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokargeː v.‘want / need’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1755.24

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1

Meluringü v‘want’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic1

Tangkhulkhaprefixmaprefixkha ‘copulate’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.1.1Bodo1

Kokborokga ‘copulate’Tripuri 88

2.1.1Western Himalayish1

2.1.2.1Tibetan50

Tibetan (Alike)rga ɣəmorpheme ‘happy / excited’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1117.05
Tibetan (Alike)rga ɣəmorpheme v.‘like / love’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1714.05
Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)-suffix ‘happy’Sun J 85 Amdo: 343
Tibetan (Batang)gɑ¹³tsho⁵³morpheme ‘happy / excited’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1117.03
Tibetan (Jirel) 'lāmorpheme-morpheme-temorpheme adj‘happy’Hale 73 CSD: 12a.44
Tibetan (Lhasa)ka¹³po⁵³morpheme-tɕhɛʔ¹³morpheme ‘love’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 719.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)ka¹³po⁵³morpheme-tɕhɛʔ¹³morpheme ‘like’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 720.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)ka¹³po⁵⁵suffix ‘happy / excited’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1117.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)ka¹³po⁵⁵morpheme tɕhe¹³²morpheme v.‘like / love’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1714.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)ka¹³tshoː⁵⁵morpheme ‘happy / excited’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1117.02
Tibetan (Written)dga.basuffix ‘happy’Sun J 85 TbGl: 343
Tibetan (Written)dgaɦ ‘like’WT dgaɦ is glossed by Jäschke (pp. 82-3) as ‘rejoice; like, be willing; intend, wish’.Sun H 91 ZMYY: 720.1
Tibetan (Written)dgaɦ posuffix ‘glad’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 908.1
Tibetan (Written)dgaɦ ɦtshormorpheme ‘happy / excited’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1117.01
Tibetan (Written)dgabasuffix vi‘glad’Marrison 67 Naga
Tibetan (Written)dgos ‘want’Although WT dgos implies ‘necessity as well as want’ (Jäschke p. 87), it looks like an allofam of dgaɦ ‘rejoice; like, be willing’.Sun H 91 ZMYY: 674.1
Tibetan (Written)dgospasuffix ‘necessary’Marrison 67 Naga

2.1.3Lepcha1

Lepcha be v.‘happy, rejoice, be glad’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

3.2Qiangic26

Ersugɑ⁵⁵ ‘love’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 719.18
Ersujɑ³³morphemegɑ⁵⁵ ‘like’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 720.18
Lyuzugiæ³¹ ‘love / like’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1126.18
Lyuzugiæ³¹ ‘like (to eat)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1127.18
Lyuzugiæ³⁵ v.‘like / love’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1714.18
Muyagæ³³gæ⁵⁵ ‘love / like’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1126.15
Muyagæ³³gæ⁵⁵ ‘like (to eat)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1127.15
Pumi (Lanping)giɯu¹³ v.‘like / love’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1714.09
Pumi (Lanping)zgiɑ⁵⁵ ‘love / like’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1126.09
Pumi (Lanping)zgiɑ⁵⁵ ‘like (to eat)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1127.09
Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]ga³⁵rə⁵³morpheme ‘like’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 720.16
Queyu (Xinlong)rga¹³rga⁵⁵ ‘happy / excited’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1117.13

3.3rGyalrongic3

Ergong (Northern)rgə³³ v‘copulate’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 10.2
Ergong (Danba)ʐgia ʐɛmorpheme ‘love’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 719.14

3.3.1rGyalrong1

rGyalrongkaprefix rga ‘like’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 720.12

4Nungic3

Dulonggɯ⁵⁵ v.‘want / need’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1755.20

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

*Lolo-Burmesem-ga² ‘want / think / love’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 589

6.1.2Loloish2

*Loloishm-ga² v.‘want’Bradley 79 PLo: 827A
PNLm-ga² ‘want’Chen 86 CS: 56.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish20

Lalo ‘long for / think of’Björverud 94
Liphoŋo⁵⁵ ‘want’Chen 86 CS: 56.
Nasuŋɔ³³ ‘want’Chen 86 CS: 56.
Neisuŋo³³ ‘want’Chen 86 CS: 56.
Nesuŋa³³ ‘want’Chen 86 CS: 56.
Nosuŋo³³ ‘want’Chen 86 CS: 56.
Nusu (Bijiang)gɯ³⁵ɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘like’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 720.45
Nusu (Northern)nɯ̃³¹ ‘want’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Mile)ŋu⁵⁵ ‘want’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 674.25
Yi (Mojiang)gɯ²¹sɛ²¹morpheme ‘like’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 720.26
Yi (Nanhua)gɯ³³go³³morpheme ‘like’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 720.24
Yi (Nanhua)gɯ³³sɿ³³morpheme v.‘like / love’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1714.37
Yi (Wuding)ŋɒ³³ v.‘want / need’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1755.38

6.1.2.2Central Loloish15

Ahiŋu⁵⁵ ‘want’Chen 86 CS: 56.
Jinuomœ⁵⁵ ‘want to eat (meat) badly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1180.44
Jinuomɯ³¹ ‘want’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 674.34
Jinuo (Youle)m̩⁴² ‘want’Gai 86
Jinuom̩⁴⁴ v.‘want / need’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1755.44
Lahu (Black) ‘desiderative particle; want to V’Matisoff 88 DL: 399-400
Lahu (Yellow)ga³ ‘like’Chang 86
Lisunu³³ v.‘want / need’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1755.40
Lisunu³³ ‘want’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 674.27
Lisu (Central)nū⁴ v.‘want (=love)’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)ny³³ V, M‘want; need’Bradley 94 Lisu
Sani [Nyi]ŋo⁵⁵ ‘want’Chen 86 CS: 56.
Yi (Sani)ŋo⁵⁵ v.‘want (to go)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1728.39
Yi (Sani)ŋo⁵⁵ v.‘want / need’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1755.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish13

Akha (Thai) ‘think of, love, hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10
Akha (Thai)ɣö ‘like, be friendly with’Hansson 89 AHKP: 365
Akha (Yunnan)ɣö ‘like, be friendly with’Hansson 89 AHKP: 365
Hani (Lüchun) ‘think of, love, hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10
Hani (Lüchun)ɣø⁵⁵ v.‘like / love’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1714.41
Hani (Wordlist)ggaq ‘think of, love, hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10
Haonikɔ³¹ ‘think of, love, hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10
Hani (Mojiang)kɔ³¹ʃɿ⁵⁵morpheme ‘love / like (one's child)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1126.42

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish2

Azhaŋɯ̠⁴⁵ ‘want’Pelkey 11 Phula: 741

6.2Naxi1

Naxiko²¹ ‘love / like’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1126.45

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1646, *r/m/d/s-ga ‘COPULATE / LOVE / WANT’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1646
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1646,
  title  = {{*r/m/d/s-ga 'COPULATE / LOVE / WANT'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1646},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1646}
}