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STEDT #1715

m-ha(ː)m ⪤ kam

YAWN

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handlehaːminitialhrhymeaːmcoverH · N

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*haam ‘YAWN’PKC #747

Tangkhulic*ham ‘YAWN’DRM#619

Notes

This root is still another example of the widespread variational pattern between h- and initial velars. See Matisoff (1997) and HPTB:57. Chepang, Kulung, and Jingpho have velar stops, while several other languages (rGyalrong and the Burmish languages Achang, Bola, Lashi) have velar fricatives.

Many reflexes show a nasal prefix, which has perhaps developed due to rhinoglottophilia (Matisoff 1975).

There is also a related root #1716 PTB *ha-y YAWN with initial h-, demonstrating that these etyma are sound-symbolic.

Written Burmese sâm is of doubtful cognacy.

Chinese comparandum

欠 OC *k’i̯ɑ̆m, GSR #624a ‘yawn’; Schuessler 2007:426 *khams; B & S 2011: *bkʰom-s {[k]ʰ(r)om-s}; Mand. qiàn.

Reflexes & cognates57 reflexes · 20 subgroups

Tiddimh̀aːm/ˍhap v‘yawn’Henderson 65 TidC

Tiddimhaːm³ > hap³ ‘yawn’VanBik 09 PKC: 747

Tiddimhaːm³ > hap³ v‘yawn’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 422

Tiddimhaːm³/hap³ ‘yawn’Bhaskararao 94 TCV

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin2

Cho (Mindat)m-ham ‘yawn’VanBik 09 PKC: 747

Khumip’háng ‘yawn’VanBik 09 PKC: 747

1.2.2Central Chin4

Lai (Hakha)(hàa)morpheme-hǎam-INV ‘yawn’VanBik 09 PKC: 747

Lai (Falam)(hàʔ)morpheme-hàam-INV ‘yawn’VanBik 09 PKC: 747

Lushai [Mizo]hàam v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 484

Lushai [Mizo]hàam-I, hâam-II v‘gap, to yawn’VanBik 09 PKC: 747

1.2.4“Old Kuki”3

Kom Reminhəm v‘yawn’Toba 91 KRQ: 3.7.16

Moyonŋhám v‘yawn’Kosha 90: 3.7.16

Sorbungməhàm v.‘yawn’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: BodyParts.093

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)3

Lotha Nagaho³#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’həm³- v.‘yawn’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.017

Lotha Nagahó#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’◦hùm> ‘yawn’Acharya 75

Lotha Naga³ho#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’³hɯm(ʔ) v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 484

1.3.3Zeme Group2

Liangmeihem v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 484

Rongmei / Nruanghmeihæ̂m v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 484

1.3.4Tangkhulic4

*Tangkhulicham ‘yawn’Mortensen 12 Tk: 619

Huishuham-mej-kʰe ‘yawn’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.070

Kachaiham-hwe#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’ v.‘yawn’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.078

Tusomhõ-məmorpheme-ʃiemorpheme ‘yawn’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.087

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte5

Nocte³ha#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’³hʌm v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 74

Nocte³ha#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’³hʌm ‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 981

Nocte³ha#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’³hʌm ³rimorpheme v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 368

Tangsa²ham²hai#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’ v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 74

Tangsa²ham²hai#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’ ‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 981

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang2

Konyak (Tamlu)hám v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 74

Phomɛ³³prefixhɛm³³ʃʌɯ³³morpheme ‘yawn’Burling 98 Phom

1.7.3.1Jingpho2

Jingphokă³¹prefixkham³¹ v.‘yawn’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1243.19

Jingpho¹gəprefix¹ham ‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 981

2.1.4Tamangish2

Tamang (Risiangku)¹ha#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’-kam v‘yawn’Mazaudon 91 TamQ: 3.7.16

Tamang (Sahu)'ha#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’◦kʰam-pasuffix v.‘yawn’Taylor 72 TmVo: 13.B.9

2.3.2Southern Kiranti2

Kulungha#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’◦kam◦amorpheme-momorpheme◦mamorpheme v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 74

Kulungha#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’◦kam◦mamorpheme ‘yawn’Rai 75 Kul

2.3.4Western Kiranti1

Thulungha#1716 PTB *ha-y ‘YAWN’PCN *xa ‘YAWN (v.)’◦kam◦amorpheme ‘yawn’Allen 75

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang4

Chepangkamh- vi.‘yawn’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkamʰ-samorpheme ‘yawn’Caughley 72 CVoc: 2.B.2.9

Chepangkamʱ v.‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 74

Chepang (Eastern)kamh◦naʔmorpheme v‘yawn’Caughley 90 CheQ: 3.7.16

3.3.1rGyalrong4

rGyalrongtaprefix hɛm kamorpheme◦pamorpheme v.‘yawn’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.7.16

rGyalrong (Northern)tomorpheme◦ka#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ xam v‘yawn’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.7.16

rGyalrong (Eastern)tɐprefix◦xɐm v‘yawn’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.7.16

rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦xam v‘yawn’Sun H 91 rNW: 3.7.16

6.1.1Burmish4

Achang (Xiandao)it⁵⁵morpheme xam³¹ xam³¹ ‘yawn’Dai 89 Xian: 1723

Bolaa³¹prefix xam⁵¹ xam³¹ ‘yawn’Dai 89 Bola: 1723

Burmese (Written)sâm ‘yawn’Benedict 76 WBur

Lashia³¹prefix xam⁵⁵ xam⁵⁵ v.‘yawn’Dai 89 Lash: 3.7.16

7Karenic8

*Karen (Pwo)kàn' v.‘yawn’Jones 61: 649

*Karen (Sgaw)kɔ́ v.‘yawn’Jones 61: 649

Pa-Otə́ʔmorpheme-hàm ‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 981

Pa-Otə́ʔmorpheme◦hàm v.‘yawn’Jones 61: 649

Pwo (Bassein)kán ‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 981

Pwo (Bassein)kán v.‘yawn’Jones 61: 649

Pwo (Moulmein)kan ‘yawn’Weidert 87 TBTo: 981

Pwo (Moulmein)kan v.‘yawn’Jones 61: 649

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1715, *m-ha(ː)m ⪤ *kam ‘YAWN’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1715

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. JAM-LITB 5.3

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-1715,
  title  = {{*m-ha(ː)m ⪤ *kam 'YAWN'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1715},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1715}
}

*m-ha(ː)m ⪤ *kam