*tsak-t

HARD / SOLID

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · provisional

Reconstruction analysis

handletsak-tinitialtsrhymeak-tsuffixtcoverTS · VT

Intermediate reconstructions

Central Naga (Ao Group)*a-tʃhak ‘DIFFICULT / HARD / DEAR, COSTLY’PCN #252

Tangkhulic*ʃak ‘DIFFICULT / HARD’DRM#699

Notes

The Jingpho binome means literally “hard-liver” (cf. məsìn ‘liver’, which is opposed to sìn-wóp ‘lungs’, lit. “soft/spongy liver”). This metaphorical antonymy is discussed at length in VSTB:198-9.

Reflexes & cognates25 reflexes · 4 subgroups

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)18

*Central Nagaaprefix-tʃhak be v.‘DIFFICULT / HARD / DEAR, COSTLY’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.252

*Aoaprefix-tʃhak be v.‘DIFFICULT / HARD’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.164

Ao (Chungli)a³prefix-sak¹ be v.‘difficult, hard’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.164

Ao (Chungli)shimorpheme◦sak ‘dear (expensive)’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Chungli)simorpheme sak ‘expensive’French 83: 501

Ao (Chungli)taprefix sak ‘hard, difficult’French 83: 501

Ao (Chungli)taprefix◦sak ‘difficult’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen)cʰàk be v.‘hard’Temsunungsang 09 Ao: 14

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)teprefix chak ‘dear (expensive)’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)teprefix◦chak ‘difficult’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)təprefix cak ‘difficult, expensive’French 83: 501

Lotha Nagatshək²- be v.‘costly’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.252

Lotha Nagatsak◦amorpheme ‘dear (expensive)’Marrison 67 Naga

Lotha Nagatssük◦asuffix ‘dear’Murry 78: 28

Sangtamaprefix◦mi#4759 PTB *man ‘COST / PRICE’PKC *man ‘COST / PRICE’PCN *a-maːn ‘PRICE, COST, VALUE’PTk *man ‘PRICE’ aprefix◦thsak ‘costly’Kumar 73 Sang

Sangtamaprefix◦thsa ‘difficult’Marrison 67 Naga

Yimchungrüaprefix◦mo#4759 PTB *man ‘COST / PRICE’PKC *man ‘COST / PRICE’PCN *a-maːn ‘PRICE, COST, VALUE’PTk *man ‘PRICE’◦aprefix◦chak ‘dear (expensive)’Marrison 67 Naga

Yimchungrüaprefix◦mo#4759 PTB *man ‘COST / PRICE’PKC *man ‘COST / PRICE’PCN *a-maːn ‘PRICE, COST, VALUE’PTk *man ‘PRICE’◦chak ‘costly’Kumar 73 Yim: 80

1.3.4Tangkhulic6

*Tangkhulicʃak ‘difficult / hard’Mortensen 12 Tk: 699

Huishukəmorpheme-soʔ ‘difficult / cold’Mortensen 12 Tk: Verbs.154

Tangkhulkamorpheme◦sak◦asuffix ‘hard(2)’Matisoff PC

Tangkhulsək ‘difficult’Bhat 69 TNV: 87

Tangkhulsək ‘hard, difficult’Matisoff PC

Ukhrulkəmorpheme-sɐk be v.‘difficult, costly’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.7.3.1Jingpho3

Jingphosin³¹#1390 PTB *m-sin ‘LIVER / HEART / BILE / BITTER’PTani *zin ‘LIVER’PKC *thin ‘LIVER’PCN *m-sən ‘LIVER’PTk *tʰin ‘LIVER’PNN *C̬-sin ‘LIVER’PLB *sin² ⪤ *tsin² ‘LIVER / BITTER’PL *sin² ‘LIVER’PKar *swɨnᴮ ‘LIVER’ tʃaʔ³¹ ‘liver’Liu 84

Jingphosīn³¹#1390 PTB *m-sin ‘LIVER / HEART / BILE / BITTER’PTani *zin ‘LIVER’PKC *thin ‘LIVER’PCN *m-sən ‘LIVER’PTk *tʰin ‘LIVER’PNN *C̬-sin ‘LIVER’PLB *sin² ⪤ *tsin² ‘LIVER / BITTER’PL *sin² ‘LIVER’PKar *swɨnᴮ ‘LIVER’tʃaʔ³¹ ‘liver’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 273.47

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1

Chepangcak-ʔosuffix ‘hard’Caughley 72 CVoc: 12.B.7

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #186, *tsak-t ‘HARD / SOLID’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/186

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: ↭*sak (1839) 'rough/scaly'

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-186,
  title  = {{*tsak-t 'HARD / SOLID'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #186},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/186}
}