Adjectival Verbs › Adjectives and attributives › Evaluatives (but see also 7.1.3, 7.1.5, 9.6) › Neutral term

STEDT #2228

*r-ga

OLD

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlegaprefixrinitialgrhymeacoverK · V

Connections

HPTB*r-ga ‘old’pp. 127, 129

Notes

This root, most abundantly attested in Himalayish, appears with all three dental suffixes, -n, -t, and -s. Some Bodo-Garo forms seem to show metathesis of the prefix and the root initial.

Chinese comparandum

古 OC *ko, GSR #49a-e ‘old’; Schuessler 2007:259 *kâʔ; B & S 2011: *kˁa; Mand. gǔ.
故 OC *ko, GSR #49i ‘old (not new)’; Schuessler 2007:259,263 *kâh; B & S 2011: *kˁaʔ-s; Mand. gù.

Reflexes & cognates94 reflexes · 14 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)2

*Tibeto-Burmanr-ga ‘old’Benedict 72 STC: 445

*Tibeto-Burmanr-ga ‘old’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 589

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group2

Ntenyika◦gha ‘old (of things)’Marrison 67 Naga

Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦kha ‘old (of things)’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.1.1Bodo3

Dimasagara◦jumorpheme ‘old woman’Marrison 67 Naga

Dimasagara◦samorpheme ‘old man’Marrison 67 Naga

Dimasarakha◦bamorpheme ‘old (of persons)’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.1.4Deori2

Deori/Deurigira ‘old (of people)’Brown 95: 71

Deori/Deurigira-(si)morpheme ‘adult person, old people’Jacquesson 05 Deuri

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1

Nocteteprefix◦ka ‘old (of things)’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.3.1Jingpho1

Jingpholəga ‘old’Benedict 72 STC: 445

2.1.2Bodic15

Tsangla (Motuo)kat¹³pu⁵⁵suffix ‘old person (male)’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Motuo)kat¹³pu⁵⁵suffix ‘old’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Motuo)mememorpheme gat◦pusuffix ‘old man (colloq)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.7

Tsangla (Tilang)gan-musuffix ‘old person (female)’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Tilang)gat-pusuffix ‘old person (male)’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Tilang)gat-pusuffix ‘old’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tshona (Wenlang)ge³⁵pu⁵⁵suffix ‘old (people)’Lu 86 CuoM

Tshona (Wenlang)gɑt³⁵pu⁵⁵suffix ‘old person’Lu 86 CuoM

Tshona (Mama)kᴀt¹³po⁵³suffix ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.6

Motuo Menbagat busuffix ‘old / elderly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1058.07

Motuo Menbagat pusuffix n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.07

Cuona Menbakat³⁵mo⁵³suffix n‘old lady’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0172.06

Cuona Menbakat³⁵po⁵³suffix n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.06

Cuona Menbakat³⁵ta³¹morpheme v.‘old, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1493.06

Cuona Menbakat³⁵to⁵³morpheme ‘old / elderly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1058.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan37

Tibetan (Alike)rgat posuffix n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.05

Tibetan (Alike)rgi ‘old / elderly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1058.05

Tibetan (Alike)rgi v.‘old, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1493.05

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)hga posuffix ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)hga◦nsuffix ‘old (of people)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 857.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)hȵa◦ŋsuffix wasuffix ‘old (things)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 867.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)ged-posuffix ‘old person’Sun J 85 Amdo: 714

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)rga pəsuffix ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.5

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)rgi ‘old (of people)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 857.5

Tibetan (Batang)gɛ⁵⁵ v.‘old, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1493.03

Tibetan (Batang)gɛ⁵⁵po⁵³suffix ‘old / elderly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1058.03

Tibetan (Batang)mɪ⁵³morphemegẽ⁵⁵ n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.03

Tibetan (Batang)ʔai⁵⁵morphemegẽ⁵mo⁵³suffix n‘old lady’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0172.03

Tibetan (Khams:Dege)gɛ¹³bo⁵³suffix ‘old (of people)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 857.3

Tibetan (Khams:Dege)ȵi⁵³morphemegen⁵³ ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.3

Tibetan (Lhasa)ka¹³pu⁵³suffix ‘old (of people)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 857.2

Tibetan (Lhasa)kə¹³mu⁵⁵suffix n‘old lady’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0172.02

Tibetan (Lhasa)kə¹³pu⁵⁵suffix n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.02

Tibetan (Lhasa)kɛ̃¹³pa⁵⁵suffix ‘old / elderly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1058.02

Tibetan (Lhasa)kɛ¹³² v.‘old, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1493.02

Tibetan (Lhasa)kɛ̃¹⁵khoʔ⁵³morpheme ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.2

Tibetan (Written)kʻyi#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’-rgɑ́◦nsuffix ‘dog (old)’Jäschke 1881

Tibetan (Written)rga v.‘old, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1493.01

Tibetan (Written)rga-basuffix ‘old’Benedict 72 STC: 445

Tibetan (Written)rgad posuffix ‘old (of people)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 857.1

Tibetan (Written)rgad.posuffix ‘old person’Sun J 85 TbGl: 714

Tibetan (Written)rgad◦mo#1620 PTB *mow ‘WOMAN / FEMALE RELATIVE / FEMININE SUFFIX’PKC *maw ‘BRIDE / GROOM’PKar *muᴮ ‘FEMALE (HUMANS), MOTHER’ ‘old woman’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Written)rgad◦pasuffix ‘old (of persons)’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Written)rgad◦posuffix ‘old man’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Written)rgan mosuffix n‘old lady’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0172.01

Tibetan (Written)rgan posuffix n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.01

Tibetan (Written)rgan ɦkhogmorpheme ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.1

Tibetan (Written)rgas posuffix ‘old / elderly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1058.01

Tibetan (Written)rgas.gnhermorpheme ‘wrinkle (of old age)’Sun J 85 TbGl: 164

Tibetan (Xiahe)ga posuffix n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.04

Tibetan (Xiahe)gan mosuffix n‘old lady’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0172.04

Tibetan (Xiahe)ge v.‘old, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1493.04

2.1.3Lepcha2

Lepchagán adj.‘old, aged’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

Lepchagán◦lâtmorpheme n.‘oldness, old age’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

3.2Qiangic14

Guiqiongge³⁵mu⁵⁵suffix n‘old lady’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0172.16

Guiqiongge³⁵pu⁵⁵suffix n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.16

Guiqionggie³⁵pu³³suffix ‘old (of people)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 857.17

Guiqionggie⁵⁵pu⁵³suffix ‘old man’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.17

Namuyigɛ³⁵ ‘old (things)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 867.19

Namuyigæ³⁵ ‘used / old’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1051.46

Pumi (Jiulong)mĩ³⁵morphemegẽ³⁵ n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.10

Pumi (Lanping)mi¹³morphemezgiɛ̃⁵⁵ n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.09

Pumi (Qinghua)mi¹³#1002 PPC *r-mi(y)-n ‘PERSON / MAN’PTani *miː ‘MAN (homo)’PKC *mii ‘PERSON / MAN / PEOPLE’PCN *a-[h]məjʔ ‘PERSON, HUMAN’PTk *mi ‘MAN / HUMAN’PNN *C̥-məy ‘MAN (generic)’TGTM *ᴬmi ‘MAN’sgiɛ̃⁵⁵ ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.11

Queyu (Xinlong)ga¹³morphemerge⁵⁵ ‘old / elderly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1058.13

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]ge³⁵te⁵⁵morpheme ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.16

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]gə⁵⁵ti⁵³morphemeɕe³³morpheme ‘old (of people)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 857.16

Queyu (Xinlong)ma¹³morphemerge⁵⁵ n‘old lady’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0172.13

Queyu (Xinlong)rgə¹³phu⁵⁵suffix n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.13

3.3rGyalrongic3

Daofugə darmorpheme ‘old / elderly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1058.12

Daofugə darmorpheme v.‘old, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1493.12

Ergong (Danba)gɛ dɛʴmorpheme ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.14

3.3.1rGyalrong3

Caodengkəprefix-rgɐʔs ‘old (age)’Sun J 97 Cao

Caodengrgɐn◦musuffix ‘old woman’Sun J 97 Cao

Caodengrgɐt◦posuffix ‘old man’Sun J 97 Cao

5Tujia6

Tujia (Northern)lao1loanwordga1 vi.‘old’Brassett 04 Tujia

Tujia (Northern)lao¹loanwordga¹ be v.‘old’Brassett 06 Tujia: 6.2

Tujia (Northern)lau⁵⁵loanwordka⁵⁵ ‘old (of people)’Tian 86

Tujia (Northern)lau⁵⁵loanwordka⁵⁵ ‘tough / old (of plants)’Tian 86

Tujialau⁵⁵loanwordka⁵⁵tie⁵⁵morpheme n‘old man’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0171.49

Tujialau⁵⁵loanwordka⁵⁵tie⁵⁵morpheme ‘old person’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 292.38

6.1.2.2Central Loloish5

Jinuoa⁴⁴prefixphi⁴⁴#2559 PTB *ʔ-pəy ‘GRANDMOTHER’PKC *pii ‘GRANDMOTHER’PTk *bɨ ‘GRANDMOTHER / MOTHER / AUNT / FEMALE’jo⁴²morphemekha⁴² n‘old lady’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0172.44

Jinuo (Youle)jo⁴²morphemekhɑ⁴² ‘old person’Gai 86

Jinuokha⁴² v.‘old, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1493.44

Jinuo (Youle)khɑ⁴² ‘old (people)’Gai 86

Jinuo (Youle)khɑ⁴² ‘old (food)’Gai 86

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2228, *r-ga ‘OLD’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2228

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: STC#445

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-2228,
  title  = {{*r-ga 'OLD'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2228},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2228}
}