Verbs of Motion, of Manipulation, and of Production › Action Verbs without Patient › Affect › Lie (down) › Fall

STEDT #2315

*(k/g)la-k/y/t

FALL

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handleklainitialklrhymea=gla~klcoverK · LT

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin(a) *klaa-I, klaak-II ‘FALL / DROP (v.i.)’PKC #1259

Kuki-Chin(b) *khlaa-I, khlaak-II ‘DROP (v.t.) / LET FALL’PKC #1285

Tangkhulic*loj ‘FALL (FROM A HEIGHT)’DRM#479

Lolo-Burmese*gla-y³ ⪤ *ʔgla-y¹ ‘FALL’

Connections

HPTB*kla-k/y/t ⪤ *gla-k/y/t ‘fall’pp. 34, 70, 165, 209, 231, 374, 462, 480, 483

Notes

A number of languages (e.g., Burmese, Mizo) have developed simplex/causative pairs from this etymon.

Chinese comparandum

落 OC *glɑ̂k, GSR ＃766q’ ‘fall, drop; perish’; Schuessler 2007:371 *râk; B & S 2011: *kə.rˁak; Mand. luò.
露 OC *glɑ̂g GSR #766t’ ‘dew’; Schuessler 2007:366 *râkh; B & S 2011: *p.rˁak-s; Mand. lù.
下 OC *gʼɑ̊, GSR #35a ‘down; descend’; Schuessler 2007:527 *grâʔ ‘down’, *grâh ‘descend’; B & S 2011: *ɡˁraʔ ‘down’, *m-ɡˁraʔ-s ‘descend’; Mand. xià.

Schuessler (2007:371) attributes OC initial *r- in 落 *râk to Austroasiatic influence, where OC initial *l- might otherwise be expected based on comparison with TB *(C‑)l- for this etymon. In this regard, however, Matisoff identifies “...several etyma where PTB *(C-)l- seems to correspond to Baxter’s *(C)-r-, including ‘fall’, ‘good’, ‘neck’, ‘salty’, ‘strength / arm’, and ‘young man / husband’”(HPTB:53). We reiterate here Matisoff’s (ibid.) claim that the relationship between TB *l-/*r- and OC *l-/*r- is complex and has yet to be fully clarified. Apparent irregularities in correspondences between TB/OC *l-/*r- may therefore not always be attributable to loans to or borrowings into TB/OC.

陊 OC *d’iɑ, GSR #3o-p ‘fall down, collapse’; Schuessler 2007:619 *d-laiʔ ; B & S 2011: (*t-lajʔ); Mand. duò.
阤 OC *d’iɑ, GSR #4z ‘fall down, collapse’; Schuessler 2007:619 *d-laiʔ; B & S 2011: (*t-lajʔ); Mand. tuó ~ zhì.

Reflexes & cognates100 reflexes · 22 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)4

*Tibeto-Burmanglay ⪤ klay ‘fall’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

*Tibeto-Burmankla v.‘fall’Weidert 87 TBTo: 322

*Tibeto-Burmankla ‘fall’Benedict 72 STC: 123

*Tibeto-Burmankla-k/y/t ⪤ gla-k/y/t ‘fall’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 595

1.2Kuki-Chin2

*Chinkhlaa-I, khlaak-II ‘DROP (v.t.) / LET FALL’VanBik 09 PKC: 1285

*Chinklaa-I, klaak-II v.i.‘FALL / DROP’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

1.2.1.1Northern Chin7

Paitekia ‘fall’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

Thadohlàa-I, hlâʔ-II ‘drop (intr), fall from a height’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

Thadohlâʔ-INV ‘drop, put in vegetables into soup, mix in (only used in cooking)’VanBik 09 PKC: 1285

Tiddimkhia³ >x khiat³ ‘drop’VanBik 09 PKC: 1285

Tiddimkhia³ > khiat³ v‘drop’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 785

Tiddimkhia³/khiat³ ‘drop (tr.)’Bhaskararao 94 TCV

Tiddimkia³ >x kiat³ ‘fall’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin5

Ashoklauk-II ‘fall from height’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

Ashokló-I ‘fall (of water)’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

Cho (Mindat)kia ‘fall’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

Khumiplaa ‘cause to fall, drop, send down, plant, send’VanBik 09 PKC: 1285

Khumitlaa ‘fall’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

1.2.2Central Chin7

Lai (Hakha)thlǎa-I, thlaak-II ‘drop, let fall’VanBik 09 PKC: 1285

Lai (Hakha)tlǎa-I, tlaak-II ‘fall, drop (from height)’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

Lai (Falam)tlàa-I, tlâak-II ‘fall, drop (from height)’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

Lushai [Mizo]thlà-I thlâak-II v‘lower, to let down, to drop, to let fall’VanBik 09 PKC: 1285

Lushai [Mizo]thlaːk ‘let fall’Benedict 72 STC: 123

Lushai [Mizo]tlà-I, tlâak-II v‘fall (from height), to set or to go down, or sink (as sun, moon, stars)’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

Lushai [Mizo]tlaːk ‘fall’Benedict 72 STC: 123

1.2.3Maraic3

Lakher [Mara]pāmorpheme-thlā v‘drop’VanBik 09 PKC: 1285

Lakher [Mara]ti#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’-tla ‘bereft of testicles’Matisoff 87 BP

Lakher [Mara]tlā v‘fall (from a height)’VanBik 09 PKC: 1259

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)2

*Ao(aprefix-)tsə(k) ‘FALL, PLUMMET’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.187

Ao (Chungli)tsək³¹ v.‘fall down’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.187

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group2

Angami Naga⁴krɯ v.‘fall’Weidert 87 TBTo: 322

Ntenyichü v‘fall’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic4

*Tangkhulicloj ‘fall (from a height)’Mortensen 12 Tk: 479

Huishukʰəmorpheme-lo-kə-so ‘fall (from a height)’Mortensen 12 Tk: Verbs.016

Tusomkõŋmorpheme-kʰəmorpheme-ly v.‘fall’Mortensen 12 Tk: Verbs.014

Ukhrulkoŋmorpheme-kʰəmorpheme-luj ‘fall’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.5Mikir [Karbi]5

Mikir [Karbi]arphlúngmorpheme-jùy ‘wegjagen [chase away]’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Mikir [Karbi]ingprefix◦jùy ‘fall off, drop off (hair, leaves, etc.)’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Mikir [Karbi]jùy ‘V away’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Mikir [Karbi]kát#6705 PTB *gan ⪤ *k(y)at ‘RUN / DANCE / KICK’PTani *kat¹ ‘ESCAPE / FLEE’-jùy ‘wegrennen [run away]’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Mikir [Karbi]klo ‘fall’Benedict 72 STC: 123

1.7.1.1Bodo6

Bodobarmorpheme-klay ‘jump down’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Bodogəmorpheme◦glə́y ‘fall, lie down’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Bodokammorpheme-klay ‘burn down’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Bodoklay ‘V downward’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Bodokəmorpheme◦klə́y v.‘fell’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Bodoza#36 PTB *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s ‘EAT / FOOD / FEED / RICE’PKC *θaʔ ‘FEED’PCN *tsaʔ ‘EAT’PCN *a-tsa-k ‘RICE (paddy)’PTk *tsa ‘EAT’PTk *tsaat ‘RICE (COOKED)’-klay v.‘eat from top to bottom’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

1.7.3.1Jingpho1

Jingphokhrat ‘fall’Benedict 72 STC: 123

2.1.3Lepcha3

Lepchaglú~glúm v.‘fall down’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

Lepchaklo ‘fall’Benedict 72 STC: 123

Lepchaklú~klúm v.‘fall’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

3.2Qiangic28

Ersunɑ⁵⁵morphemedʐɑ⁵⁵ ‘drop / fall’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 764.18

Lyuzune³³morphemedʐu⁵³ v.‘collapse / cave in / fall down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1657.18

Lyuzune³³morphemedʐæ³⁵ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.18

Namuyimi³³morphemedʐa⁵⁵qa⁵³morpheme v.‘fall down (a wall) / topple’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1257.46

Namuyimi³³morphemendza⁵⁵qa⁵³morpheme v.‘fall over / down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1277.46

Pumi (Jiulong)nɑ³⁵morphemetsẽ⁵⁵ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.10

Pumi (Jiulong)nə⁵⁵morphemetsø⁵⁵ v.‘fall over / down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1277.10

Pumi (Lanping)nə¹³morphemedʐə⁵⁵ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.09

Pumi (Lanping)nə¹³morphemedʐə⁵⁵ v.‘fall / tumble down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1642.09

Pumi (Qinghua)nə¹³morphemedʐə⁵⁵ ‘drop / fall’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 764.11

Pumi (Taoba)nə³⁵morphemedʐə⁵⁵ ‘drop / fall’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 764.10

Qiang (Longxi)tshò ‘drop down’Evans 99 Qiang: 1822

Qiang (Longxi)tshò tshò ‘fall (of hair)’Evans 99 Qiang: 2433

Qiang (Longxi)ɦàmorpheme tshò ‘fall, drop’Evans 99 Qiang: 2129

Qiang (Mawo)tshy ‘drop / fall’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 764.8

Qiang (Mianchi)tshoǔ ‘fall, drop’Evans 99 Qiang: 2129

Qiang (Mianchi)ɦàmorpheme tshoǔ ‘drop down’Evans 99 Qiang: 1822

Qiang (Mianchi)ɦàmorpheme tshoù ‘drop, descend, land’Evans 99 Qiang: 2036

Qiang (Mianchi)ɦàmorpheme tshoǔ ‘fall into trap’Evans 99 Qiang: 2476

Qiang (Mianchi)ɦàmorpheme tshoù zɨ́morpheme ‘drop (CAUS)’Evans 99 Qiang: 2037

Qiang (Mianchi)ʂɛ̀morpheme tshoǔ ‘fall (of hair)’Evans 99 Qiang: 2433

Qiang (Taoping)tshyi⁵⁵ ‘drop / fall’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 764.9

Queyu (Xinlong)qa⁵⁵to⁵⁵morpheme v.‘fall over / down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1277.13

Queyu (Xinlong)tɕhye⁵⁵ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.13

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]tə³⁵prefixqa⁵⁵ ‘drop / fall’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 764.16

Xumimiæ³³morphemeʑyæ⁵⁵ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.17

Xumimiæ³³morphemeʑyæ⁵⁵ v.‘fall / tumble down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1642.17

Xumimiɛ³³morphemedʑyɛ³⁵ ‘drop / fall’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 764.20

3.3rGyalrongic3

Ergong (Danba)dza ‘drop / fall’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 764.14

Daofunəmorpheme dza v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.12

Daofunəmorpheme dza v.‘fall / tumble down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1642.12

3.3.1rGyalrong3

rGyalrong (Maerkang)kɑprefix ʒɑ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.11

rGyalrong (Maerkang)kɑprefix ʒɑ v.‘fall / tumble down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1642.11

rGBenzhenkɐprefix-mdʒit ‘drop / fall from height’Sun J 97 rGB

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

*Lolo-Burmeseglay³ ⪤ ʔglay¹ ‘fall’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

6.1.1Burmish2

Burmese (Written)khyá ‘let fall’Benedict 72 STC: 123

Burmese (Written)kyá ‘fall’Benedict 72 STC: 123

6.1.2Loloish1

*Loloish(sə)prefix-gla³ v.‘fall’Weidert 87 TBTo: 322

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish10

Luquantsʻe³³ ‘fall down’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Luquantsʻe¹¹ ‘fall over, topple’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Yi (Weishan)thɕi⁵⁵morphemecᴇ³³morphemetɕi⁵⁵ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.36

Yi (Weishan)tɕi³³ v.‘fall / tumble down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1642.36

Yi (Wuding)dʑɿ̄² v.‘collapse / cave in / fall down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1657.38

Yi (Wuding)tshe¹¹ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.38

Yi (Wuding)tshe¹¹ v.‘fall / tumble down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1642.38

Yi (Xide)tshi³³ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.35

Yi (Xide)tshi³³ v.‘fall / tumble down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1642.35

Yi (Xide)vɑ⁵⁵morphemedzi²¹ v.‘fall over / down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1277.35

6.1.2.2Central Loloish10

Lahu (Lancang)qo⁵³morphemetɕe³³ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.43

Lahu (Black)ce ‘fall from a height, V downward’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 125

Lisu (Central)htsye⁴-lye³morpheme v.‘fall’Fraser 22

Lisule⁵⁵morphemeʑe̱³³ v.‘fall over / down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1277.40

Lisulɯ³¹morphemeʑe³³ v.‘fall down (a wall) / topple’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1257.40

Lisu (Central)si⁶-lye³morpheme v.‘fall (of water decreasing in river)’Fraser 22

Lisutshe³³ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.40

Lisutshe³³ v.‘fall / tumble down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1642.40

Yi (Sani)thæ³³morpheme tshɪ³³ v.‘fall / tumble down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1642.39

Yi (Sani)thæ³³morphemetshɪ³³ v.‘drop’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1274.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish1

Bisukhla ‘fall down, drop’Bradley 9x Bisu

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2315, *(k/g)la-k/y/t ‘FALL’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2315

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. STC#123, HPTB

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-2315,
  title  = {{*(k/g)la-k/y/t 'FALL'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2315},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2315}
}