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STEDT #3451

*m-ʔum ⪤ *mum

HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / EAT / KISS
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlemuminitialmrhymeumcoverM · N

Intermediate reconstructions

Central Chin*hmoom ‘HOLD (in the mouth)’PKC #875 ("PCC")

Connections

HPTB*m-ʔuːm ‘hold in the mouth’pp. 276, 308

Notes

This root frequently occurs in compounds in Northeast Indian languages before #3450 PTB *m-pup ⪤ *pip KISS / SUCK / SUCKLE (e.g. Milang mum-pup). In fact several of the forms treated under #3450 PTB *m-pup ⪤ *pip KISS / SUCK / SUCKLE as having prefixal *mV- (e.g. Angami me³¹bo¹¹) might be better analyzed as compounds with *mum as the first constituent.

STC reconstructs a root *um (#108), later changed to *(m)-u·m ‘hold in the mouth/mouthful’ on the basis of a group of zero/glottal stop-initialled forms like WT (ʔ)um and the prefixed Jingpho form məūm. These have been combined with a group of NE India forms meaning ‘kiss’ to form the present set.

Chinese comparanda

A Chinese comparandum was recognized already in STC #181 as 唵 *ʔəm, Mand. ǎn. This form does not occur in GSR #614, but is to be found in Karlgren 1923 (Analytic Dictionary, set #238, p. 96).
[JAM]

唵 ǎn ‘hold in the mouth, put in the mouth’

GSR: not in GSR #614 Karlgren: *·əm Li: *·əm Baxter: *ʔɨ/umʔ

In Baxter’s system the vowel cannot be determined from the Middle Chinese vocalism, and in this case there is also insufficient rhyming or phonetic-series evidence.

The correspondence between OC *ə (Li)/*ɨ/u (Baxter) and PTB *u before labials is regular. See under #5541 PTB *m-ts(y)(u/i)p SUCK / KISS / BREAST / MILK for examples.
[ZJH]

Reflexes & cognates63 reflexes · 28 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetanʔum ‘hold in the mouth’Coblin 86: 95

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)7

*Tibeto-Burman(m-)u:m ‘hold in mouth, mouthful’Benedict 72 STC: 142n384
*Tibeto-Burman(m-)uːm ‘put in mouth / hold in mouth’Chou 72: 614
*Tibeto-Burmanm-ʔuːm ‘hold in the mouth’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 583
*Tibeto-Burmanum ‘hold in the mouth’Benedict 72 STC: 108
*Tibeto-Burmanum ‘hold in the mouth’Coblin 86: 95

1.1.1.1Western Tani10

Galo`muu◦namsuffix vt.‘suck’GLDC 09 Galo

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1

Cho (Mindat)hmawm v‘put and keep s.th. in the mouth (without biting nor swallowing)’VanBik 09 PKC: 875

1.2.2Central Chin6

*Central Chinhmoom ‘HOLD (in the mouth)’VanBik 09 PKC: 875
Lai (Hakha)hmoom ‘hold in the mouth’Van Bik, K. 95 Lai
Lai (Hakha)hmôom-I, hmǒom-II ‘hold something in mouth (e.g. sweets, tobacco)’VanBik 09 PKC: 875
Lushai [Mizo]hmâwm v‘put into the mouth’VanBik 09 PKC: 875
Lushai [Mizo]hmuam ‘hold in the mouth; suck; chew’The Lushai (Mizo) and Lai forms with voiceless nasals reflect a variant with the *s- prefix.Lorrain 40 Lush: 164
Lushai [Mizo]hmuam v‘chew (as tobacco); suck in the mouth; retain in th’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 2412

1.2.4“Old Kuki”2

Kom Remm̥om v‘hold in mouth’Toba 91 KRQ: 3.7.14
Sorbungmùam v.‘hold in mouth’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: BodyParts.091

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1

Yimchungrüaprefix◦man◦jimorpheme ‘kiss’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1

Maomomu ‘kiss’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.3Zeme Group2

Liangmeimun◦ruimorpheme ‘kiss’Marrison 67 Naga
Mziememam ‘kiss’Mzieme mam looks like #3457 PTB *mam BREAST, but the gloss ‘kiss’ shows that it belongs here.Marrison 67 Naga

1.4Meithei1

Meitheium◦bəsuffix v.‘hold in mouth’Singh 91 MeiQ: 3.7.14

1.5Mikir [Karbi]3

Mikir [Karbi]om ‘chew, mouthful’Benedict 72 STC: 108

1.7.3.1Jingpho3

Jingphomă¹prefix um³³ ‘hold in mouth’Liu 84
Jingphoməum ‘hold, as water or smoke in the mouth’Benedict 72 STC: 108
Jingphoməprefix◦ʔūm ‘hold in the mouth’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 128

2.1.2Bodic2

Tsangla (Motuo)jum⁵⁵ ‘hold in mouth, suck’Zhang Jichuan 86

2.1.3Lepcha3

Lepchaŭm ‘receive into mouth without swallowing’Benedict 72 STC: 108
Lepchaŭm ‘hold in mouth’Benedict 72 STC: 75n231
Lepchaǔm ‘receive into the mouth without swallowing’Coblin 86: 356

2.3Kiranti1

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti1

Yakhauːm◦maːsuffix v‘hold in mouth’Kohn 90: 3.7.14

2.3.2Southern Kiranti2

Bantawaum◦tsuffix- v.‘eat’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 54
Chamlingup-ssuffix-yumorpheme v.‘eat’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 54

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1

4Nungic2

Anongim ‘mouthful’Benedict 72 STC: 108
Anongim ‘mouthful’Coblin 86: 95

6.1.1Burmish4

Achang (Longchuan)om⁵⁵ ‘hold in mouth’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)om⁵⁵ ‘hold in mouth’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 538.41

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish1

Laloʔm̩²¹ v.‘hold in mouth’Chen 86 Yi: 3.7.14

6.1.2.2Central Loloish5

Jinuo (Youle)mo⁴² ‘hold in mouth’Gai 86
Lahu (Black)mɛ̀ ‘hold in mouth’Matisoff 88 DL: 1017
Lahu (Black)mɛ³¹ ‘hold in mouth’Chang 86
Lahu (Black)mɛ³¹ ‘hold in mouth’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 538.33
Lahu (Yellow)mɔ³¹ ‘hold in mouth’Chang 86

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish4

Hani (Dazhai)ɔ³¹ ‘hold in mouth’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Gelanghe)m(u)m̩⁵⁵ ‘hold in mouth’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Shuikui)mu³¹ ‘hold in mouth’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Shuikui)mu³¹ ‘hold in mouth’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 538.32

7Karenic1

Pa-Oʔòm ‘hold in mouth’Solnit 89 PaO

9.0.1Old Chinese1

Chinese (Old)ʔəmx ‘hold in the mouth’Coblin 86: 95

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

Chinese (Middle)ʔəm: ‘hold in the mouth’Coblin 86: 95

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #3451, *m-ʔum ⪤ *mum ‘HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / EAT / KISS’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3451
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: ("Kmr") sound symbolic?; often occurs as prefix before 3450 *m-bup/t, maybe < 34
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-3451,
  title  = {{*m-ʔum ⪤ *mum 'HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / EAT / KISS'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #3451},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3451}
}