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Verbs of Motion, of Manipulation, and of Production › Digging, excavation

STEDT #3573

*s/m-du

DIG / HOE

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*du ‘DIG’JS-HCST: 153

Kuki-Chin*tuu ‘HOE (n.)’Meso of #3573? PKC #201

Northern Naga/Konyakian*tʰu ‘DIG’WTF-PNN: 477

Tamangish*ᴮtoː / ᴮtwo ‘HOE (n.)’

Lolo-Burmese*n‑du² ‘DIG’

Lolo-Burmese*ʔ‑du² ‘BURY SOMETHING’

Connections

HPTB*tu ⪤ *s/m-du ‘dig’pp. 23, 178, 184

Notes

Loloish has a simplex / causative pair from this etymon, e.g. Lahu dû ‘dig’ < PLB *n-du² ⪤ tū ‘bury something’ < PLB *ʔ-du².

Tamangic and Kuki-Chin have developed the nominal meaning HOE from this root.

Chinese comparandum

突 OC *t’wət ~ *d’wət, GSR #489a ‘break/burst/dig through; suddenly’; Schuessler 2007:501 *thût ~ *dût; B & S 2011: *m-tʰˁut ~ *tʰˁut; Mand. tū.

Reflexes & cognates156 reflexes · 34 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)4

*Tibeto-Burmantu v.‘dig’Weidert 87 TBTo: 268

*Tibeto-Burmantu ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

*Tibeto-Burmantu ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 258

*Tibeto-Burmantu ⪤ s/m-du ‘dig’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 615

1.1.1Tani1

*Tanidu ‘dig’Sun J 93 HCST: 104

1.1.1.1Western Tani11

Apatanidù ‘dig’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanidu-liŋ#6426 PTani *len ‘OUT (verbal particle)’ ‘dig out’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnidu ‘dig’Sun J 93 HCST

Bengnidu ‘dig’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokardu v.‘dig / excavate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1458.24

Bokardu ʻdig (well)ʼ ‘dig’Sun J 93 HCST

Bokardu(-koŋmorpheme) ‘dig (~a well)’Sun J 93 Tani

Galo`du◦namsuffix vt.‘dig (by scraping)’GLDC 09 Galo

Galodu:-namsuffix v‘dig’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Miri, Hilldu-namsuffix ‘sound, dig’Simon 76 Miri

Tagindu-namsuffix ‘dig (by dibble)’Das Gupta 83 Tag

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani1

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]du ‘dig’Sun J 93 HCST

1.1.2Deng3

Darang [Taraon]ʼtu ‘dig’Anonymous xx Tar

Digarothu ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

Digarothu ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 258

1.2Kuki-Chin1

*Chintuu n‘HOE’VanBik 09 PKC: 201

1.2.1.1Northern Chin4

Paitetu ‘hoe’VanBik 09 PKC: 201

Tiddimtu³ ‘hoe’VanBik 09 PKC: 201

Tiddimtuː³ ‘hoe’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1841

Tiddimˋtuː n‘hoe’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.2Central Chin2

Lai (Hakha)tu-hmûy ‘hoe’VanBik 09 PKC: 201

Lai (Falam)tùu ‘hoe’VanBik 09 PKC: 201

1.2.3Maraic1

Lakher [Mara]tū n‘hoe, a native spade’VanBik 09 PKC: 201

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)8

*Aoaprefix-tu(ʔ) ‘DIG’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.032

Ao (Chungli)-tú v.‘dig’Temsunungsang 09 Ao: 8

Ao (Chungli)a³prefix-tu³ v.‘dig’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.032

Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦to ‘dig’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Chungli)³aprefix³tu v.‘dig’Weidert 87 TBTo: 268

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)thu ‘dig’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)tù-tʃhətsuffix v.‘dig out [dug out] ('dig' + ABIL)’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)tùʔ v.‘dig [dug]’Coupe 07 Ao

1.4Meithei1

Meitheitou ‘dig’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

*Northern Nagatʰu v.‘dig’French 83: 477

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte2

Noctethu ‘dig’Marrison 67 Naga

Nocte²thu(ʔ) v.‘dig’Weidert 87 TBTo: 268

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1

Changthu ‘dig’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.3.1Jingpho8

Jingphohtu ‘dig’Marrison 67 Naga

Jingphothù ‘dig’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 196

Jingphothu ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

Jingphothu ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 258

Jingphothu³¹ ‘dig’Liu 84

Jingphothu³¹ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.19

Jingphothu³¹ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.47

Jingpho¹thu v.‘dig’Weidert 87 TBTo: 268

1.7.3.2Asakian1

Sakthu ‘dig’Huziwara 08 Sak: 232

2.1.1Western Himalayish1

Rajidəu- ‘dig’Krishan 2003: 182

2.1.3Lepcha1

Lepchadú~dún v.‘dig’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

2.1.4Tamangish14

*TGTMᴮtoː / ᴮtwo n‘hoe’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 22

*TGTMᴮtoː n‘hoe’Mazaudon 94 These: 473

Gurung (Ghachok)²tu n‘hoe’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 22

Manang (Gyaru)doː¹ n‘hoe’Nagano 84 Man: 118-09

Manang (Ngawal)²to n‘hoe’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 22

Manang (Prakaa)²to n‘hoe’Mazaudon 94 These: 473

Manang (Prakaa)¹to n‘hoe’Hoshi 84: 0609a

Tamang (Risiangku)²toː n‘hoe’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 22

Tamang (Taglung)toː n‘hoe’Mazaudon 94 These: 473

Tamang (Taglung)²toː n‘hoe’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 22

Thakali (Marpha)²to n‘hoe’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 22

Thakali (Marpha)⁵⁴to n‘hoe’Mazaudon 94 These: 473

Thakali (Syang)ᴴto n‘hoe’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 22

Thakali (Tukche)ᴴto n‘hoe’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 22

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti1

Limbutɔ- v.‘sew, dig’Michailovsky 89 Lm

2.3.2Southern Kiranti1

BantawaTu v‘dig’Rai 85 BnDs

2.3.4Western Kiranti2

Hayudu ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

Hayudu ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 258

3.2Qiangic2

Xumithi³³prefix◦tu⁵⁵ ‘dig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1150.17

Zhaba (Daofu County)ŋo⁵⁵prefix ty⁵⁵ ‘dig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1150.14

3.3.1rGyalrong23

rGyalrong (Maerkang Benzhen Yingbolo)ka'prefix◦tu vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang Bola (C))khe22morpheme du44 ka22morpheme tu44 vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang Baiwan Muerji)kʰaⁱmorpheme◦tu'◦kamorpheme◦tu vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang Zhuokeji Xisuo)kʰamorpheme◦pok̚#164 PTB *d-puːk ‘BELLY / VITALS / HOLLOW OBJECT / CAVE’MesorootsPTani *puk ‘HEART’PTani *pɯk ‘CAVE’PCN *puk ‘STOMACH, BELLY’PTk *buk ‘BELLY / STOMACH’Allofams1 #6723 PTB *d-(p/b)u-k ‘BELLY / STOMACH / CAVE’1a #2104 PTB *pʷik ‘BELLY / STOMACH’1b #2106 PTB *wuk ‘BELLY / STOMACH’1c #164 PTB *d-puːk ‘BELLY / VITALS / HOLLOW OBJECT / CAVE’1d #2103 PTB *pʷu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’1e #2102 PTB *wu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’1g #2111 PTB *pwa(ŋ/n) ‘BELLY / CENTER’◦kə'morpheme◦tə vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang Bola (A))kʰe22morpheme du44 ka22morpheme tu44 vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Lixian Shangmeng Rajipu)kʰej⁵morphemedu⁵kaj⁵morphemewa³morpheme vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Hongyuan Shuajinsi Selong)kʰejmorpheme◦du'◦kamorpheme◦tu vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Lixian Guergou)kʰejmorpheme◦tə'◦kamorpheme◦tə vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Wanlin Xilizhai)kʰe³morphemedə⁵ka³morphemetə³ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang Soman Seermi)kʰemorpheme◦du'◦kamorpheme◦tu vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Kalajiao)kʰemorpheme◦du'◦kamorpheme◦tə vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang Songgang Zhibo)kʰomorpheme◦pɔ'morpheme◦kaprefix◦tu vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Lixian Xuecheng Jiamizhai)kʰəmorpheme pomorpheme kaprefix-tu vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Lixian Ganbao)kʰəmorpheme pok̚morpheme kaprefix tə vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Cengda)kʰə³morphemebok̚³morphemeka³prefixtə⁵ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Dusong)kʰə³morphemepok̚³morphemeka³prefixtə⁵ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Hedong)kʰə³morphemepok̚⁵morphemeko³prefixtə³ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Maerbang)kʰəmorpheme◦pok̚'morpheme◦kaprefix◦ta vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Heishui Luhua)kʰəmorpheme◦pok̚'morpheme◦kaprefix◦tu vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Lixian Putou)kʰəmorpheme◦pok̚'morpheme◦kaprefix◦tə vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang Dangba Geerda)kʰɛprefix◦du'◦kamorpheme◦tu vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrongtu ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

rGyalrongtu ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 258

4Nungic5

Anongdu ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

Anongdu ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 258

Rawangdu³¹ ɔ³¹morpheme ɛ³³morpheme vt.‘dig/scoop out’LaPolla 03: 1458

Dulongdu⁵³ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.20

Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)du⁵³ ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

*Lolo-Burmesedu ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 62n196

6.1.1Burmish24

Achang (Lianghe)tu³¹ ‘dig’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Lianghe)tu³¹ ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

Achang (Longchuan)tu³¹ ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

Achang (Longchuan)tu³¹ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.28

Achang (Longchuan)tu³¹ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.41

Achang (Xiandao)tu³¹ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.29

Burmese (Rangoon)tu⁵⁵ ‘dig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1150.27

Burmese (Rangoon)tu⁵⁵ v.‘dig / excavate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1458.27

Burmese (Rangoon)tu⁵⁵ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.27

Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)tu⁵⁵ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.40

Burmese (Written)tù v.‘dig’Weidert 87 TBTo: 268

Burmese (Written)tû ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

Burmese (Written)tû ‘dig’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 196

Burmese (Written)tû v.‘dig’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)tu ‘dig’LaPolla 87: 41

Burmese (Written)tu ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 258

Burmese (Written)tu³ ‘dig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1150.26

Burmese (Written)tu³ v.‘dig / excavate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1458.26

Burmese (Written)tu³ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.26

Burmese (Written)tu³ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.39

Hpun (Northern)tù ‘dig’Henderson 86 Hpun

Leqi (Luxi)tuː³³ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.33

Marmatú ‘dig’Huziwara 08 Sak: 232

Atsi [Zaiwa]tú v.‘dig’Weidert 87 TBTo: 268

6.1.2Loloish3

*Loloishm-du² v.‘dig’Weidert 87 TBTo: 268

*Loloishm-du² ‘dig’Bradley 79 PLo: 619

*Loloishmdu² ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish6

Liphokɛ²¹ ‘star’Chen 86 CS: 35.

Nusu (Central)du⁵⁵ v.‘dig / excavate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1458.34

Yi (Dafang)ndu³³ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.22

Yi (Liangshan)ndu³³ ‘dig (excavate); excavate’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Mile)dɯ²¹ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.25

Yi (Wuding)dɯ¹¹ ‘dig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1150.38

6.1.2.2Central Loloish6

Jinuotu³³ v.‘dig / excavate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1458.44

Jinuotu³³ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.34

Jinuo (Youle)tu⁴⁴ ‘dig’Gai 86

Jinuotu⁴⁴ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.44

Lahu (Lancang)du⁵³ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.43

Lahu (Black)tū ‘bury’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 196

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish18

Akhadù v.‘dig’Weidert 87 TBTo: 268

Akhadù ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

Akha (Thai)dù ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

Akha (Yunnan)dù ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

Bisutù ‘dig’Bradley 9x Bisu

Hani (Lüchun)dù ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

Hani (Lüchun)du³¹ v.‘dig / excavate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1458.41

Hani (Lüchun)du³¹ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.41

Hani (Caiyuan)tv̩³¹ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.30

Hani (Gelanghe)du³¹ ‘dig’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Wordlist)dduq ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

Haonitv̩³¹ ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

Hani (Shuikui)tv̩³¹ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.32

Hani (Khatu)tù ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

Hani (Mojiang)tv̩³¹ v.‘dig / excavate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1458.42

Hani (Mojiang)tv̩³¹ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.42

Mpitu¹ ‘dig’Hansson 89 AHKP: 163

Mpitu¹ ‘dig’Srinuan 76

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish4

Southern Mujidə¹³ ‘dig (a hole)’Pelkey 11 Phula: 666

Pholaⁿtu³¹ ‘dig (a hole)’Pelkey 11 Phula: 666

Hlepho Phowaⁿdə¹³ ‘dig (a hole)’Pelkey 11 Phula: 666

Phuzadɛ³¹ ‘dig (a hole)’Pelkey 11 Phula: 666

6.2Naxi7

Laze (Xiangjiao)ɖɯ˩ v.‘carve, engrave’[Source note] is the verb “hit”Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2753

Na (Yongning)dv˧ v.‘dig’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Naxidv̩³³ v.‘dig / excavate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1458.45

Naxidv̩³³ v.‘carve / engrave’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1479.45

Naxidv̩³³ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.45

Naxi (Yongning)dv³³ ‘dig (ditch)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.29

Naxi (Lijiang)ndv³³ ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.28

8Bai1

Bai (Jianchuan)thue⁵⁵ ‘dig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1150.48

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #3573, *s/m-du ‘DIG / HOE’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3573

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. STC#258, HPTB pp.23, 178, 184

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-3573,
  title  = {{*s/m-du 'DIG / HOE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #3573},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3573}
}