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STEDT #540

*k(r)aːk

PHLEGM / SPUTUM / MUCUS

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlekainitialkrhymea-kcoverK · VT

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*kak ‘PHLEGM’JS-HCST: 215

Kuki-Chin*khaak ‘PHLEGM / MUCUS’PKC #454

Kiranti*khakma ‘SPUTUM’

Connections

HPTB*kaːk ‘phlegm’p. 325

Poss. allofam*kwak ‘COUGH’

Notes

For evidence of the liquid medial, see e.g. Apatani, Idu, Geman, Bahing, Sunwar, Tamang, and Pattani.

This root is perhaps allofamically related to #1795 PTB *kwak COUGH and/or #2260 PTB *ha(ː)k HAWK / GAG / CHOKE.

This root is much more widespread than the resemblant #539 PTB *kan PHLEGM / SALIVA and seems distinct from it.

Reflexes & cognates125 reflexes · 30 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1

*Tibeto-Burmankaːk ‘phlegm’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 594

1.1.1Tani1

*Tanikak ‘phlegm’Sun J 93 HCST: 290

1.1.1.1Western Tani9

Bengnitaprefix-kak ‘phlegm’Sun J 93 HCST

Bengnitaprefix-kak ‘sputum’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokartaprefix kak nbp‘sputum’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0155.24

Bokartaprefix-kak ‘phlegm’Sun J 93 HCST

Bokartaprefix-kak ‘phlegm’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokar Lhobataprefix kak ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.51

Bokar Lhobataprefix◦kak ‘phlegm’Sun H 80 MLD

Galo`taprefix◦kak n.‘phlegm’GLDC 09 Galo

Galoˆtaprefix◦kak ‘phlegm’Weidert 87 TBTo: 641

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani3

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]taprefix-kak ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Damutaprefix-ciaʔ ‘phlegm, sputum’Sun J 93 Tani

Mishing [Miri]taprefix-kak ‘phlegm’Sun J 93 HCST

1.1.2Deng14

Darang [Taraon]nɑ³¹morpheme kʰɑ⁵³ ‘phlegm’Sun H 80 MLD

Darang [Taraon]nɑ³¹morphemekhɑ⁵³ nbp‘sputum’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0155.22

Darang [Taraon]nɑ³¹morphemekhɑ⁵³ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.49

Kaman [Miju]khɹɑ⁵³ nbp‘sputum’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0155.23

Kaman [Miju]khɹɑ⁵³ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.48

Kaman [Miju]kʰɹɑ⁵³ ‘phlegm’Sun H 80 MLD

Kaman [Miju]kʻrʌ̂ʔ ‘phlegm’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1199

Idua³¹prefixnde⁵⁵morphemekʰɹe⁵⁵ ‘liquid mucus’Sun H 91 IduQ: 3.5.6

Idua³¹prefixtiu⁵⁵#603 PTB *m/s-twa ‘SPIT’kʰɹi⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 IduQ: 9.2.5

Iduaprefix◦tu#603 PTB *m/s-twa ‘SPIT’◦tʰri ‘phlegm’Pulu 78

Iduɑ³¹prefixnde⁵⁵morphemekhɹe⁵⁵ ‘snot’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 278.50

Iduɑ³¹prefixtiu⁵⁵morphemekhɹi⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.50

Yiduɑ³¹prefixnde⁵⁵morphemekhɹe⁵⁵ nbp‘mucus (nasal)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0157.25

Yiduɑ³¹prefixtiu⁵⁵morphemekhɹi⁵⁵ nbp‘sputum’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0155.25

1.2Kuki-Chin2

*Chinkhaak ‘PHLEGM / MUCUS’VanBik 09 PKC: 454

Analpàprefix-kháa ‘phlegm’Weidert 87 TBTo: 641

1.2.1.1Northern Chin3

Paitekhak suahmorpheme ‘mucus, phlegm’VanBik 09 PKC: 454

Tiddimkhaːk¹ so?³morpheme ‘phlegm’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 739

Tiddimkhaːk¹ soʔ³morpheme ‘phlegm’VanBik 09 PKC: 454

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1

Khuminomorpheme◦kha ‘phlegm, liquid mucus’VanBik 09 PKC: 454

1.2.2Central Chin10

Lai (Hakha)khaak ‘phlegm’VanBik 09 PKC: 454

Lai (Falam)khǎak ‘phlegm’VanBik 09 PKC: 454

Lushai [Mizo]chhâk v.‘spit’Matisoff 87 BP

Lushai [Mizo]khǎak ‘phlegm’Weidert 87 TBTo: 641

Lushai [Mizo]khǎak ‘phlegm’VanBik 09 PKC: 454

Lushai [Mizo]khâk ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Lushai [Mizo]khaːk ‘phlegm’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 739

Lushai [Mizo]khaːk ‘phlegm’Benedict 72 STC: 323

Lushai [Mizo]khaːk ‘phlegm’Coblin 86: 58

Lushai [Mizo]tshâak v.‘spit’Weidert 87 TBTo: 682

1.2.3Maraic2

Lakher [Mara]damorpheme-khaw ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Lakher [Mara]dàmorpheme-kháw ‘phlegm’VanBik 09 PKC: 454

1.2.4“Old Kuki”3

Kom Remkəmorpheme◦hək ‘phlegm’Toba 91 KRQ: 9.2.5

Lamkangpʌprefix-khà ‘phlegm’Weidert 87 TBTo: 641

Moyonbʌprefix◦kháʔ ‘phlegm’Kosha 90: 9.2.5

1.3.4Tangkhulic3

Tangkhulkhā◦tok#601 PTB *m/s-tuːk ‘SPIT’PKar *thuᴬ ‘SPIT (v.)’ ‘mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulkhā◦tok#601 PTB *m/s-tuːk ‘SPIT’PKar *thuᴬ ‘SPIT (v.)’ ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Tusomkʃi-dumorpheme ‘phlegm’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.270

1.5Mikir [Karbi]3

Mikir [Karbi]chingmorpheme◦khak ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Mikir [Karbi]chingmorpheme◦khak ‘spittle / saliva’Matisoff 87 BP

Mikir [Karbi]ingprefix◦kròy ‘saliva’Grüssner 79 BP: 18

1.7.1.1Bodo1

Bodohamorpheme◦gāw ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte2

Noctethoʌk#601 PTB *m/s-tuːk ‘SPIT’PKar *thuᴬ ‘SPIT (v.)’-kaʔ ‘saliva’Weidert 87 TBTo: 682

Tangsa¹t̪ho-³xil-xak ‘phlegm’Weidert 87 TBTo: 641

1.7.3.1Jingpho4

Jingphomă³¹prefixkha⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.47

Jingphomă¹prefix kha⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Liu 84

Jingphoməprefix◦hka ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingpho¹məprefix³kha ‘phlegm’Weidert 87 TBTo: 992

2.1.1Western Himalayish4

Bunangoks ‘phlegm’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 9.2.5

Kanaurikhra ‘phlegm’Sharma, D.D. 88 Kn: 29,34

Pattani [Manchati]kab ‘phlegm’Sharma, S.R. 91 Ma: 9.2.5

Pattani [Manchati]kra◦ti ‘saliva’Sharma, S.R. 91 Ma: 3.7.5

2.1.2Bodic3

Tsangla (Motuo)har⁵⁵#541 PTB *har ‘PHLEGM’ kʰak⁵⁵ taŋ⁵⁵morpheme ‘phlegm’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Motuo)har#541 PTB *har ‘PHLEGM’◦khak◦taŋmorpheme ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.7

Tsangla (Motuo)har#541 PTB *har ‘PHLEGM’◦kʰak◦taŋmorpheme ‘phlegm’Sun H 80 MLD

2.1.4Tamangish6

Chantyalkəp ‘phlegm’Noonan 92: 9.2.5

Tamang (Sahu)khre◦nyet#543 PTB *nir ‘PHLEGM’ ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Tamang (Sahu)kʰre◦nyetmorpheme ‘sputum’Taylor 72 TmVo: 2.65

Thakali (Tukche)'khā◦ne#543 PTB *nir ‘PHLEGM’ ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Thakali (Tukche)'kʰa◦ne#543 PTB *nir ‘PHLEGM’ ‘sputum / phlegm’Hari 71a ThVo: 2.A.68.1

Thakali (Tukche)²tum ‘wrap (things)’Mazaudon 94 These: 464

2.3Kiranti1

*Kirantikhak◦mamorpheme ‘sputum’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 169

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti4

Limbukhāk◦wāmorpheme ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Limbukhaːk◦waʔmorpheme ‘phlegm’Weidert 87 TBTo: 641

Limbukhaːq◦wasuffix ‘spit, phlegm’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Yakhakharak◦pasuffix ‘phlegm’Weidert 87 TBTo: 641

2.3.2Southern Kiranti5

Bantawaaʔ◦wamorpheme ‘oil’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawakhat-nüngmorpheme-wasuffix ‘phlegm’Rai 84 BnDc: 39

Bantawaʔak◦wamorpheme ‘oil’Rai 84 BnDc: 1

Kulungkhak◦mamorpheme ‘sputum’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 169

Kulungkhak◦mamorpheme ‘sputum’Rai 75 Kul

2.3.3Central Kiranti1

Khaling'khāh◦mōsuffix ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3.4Western Kiranti1

Sunwar'krāk◦tuk#601 PTB *m/s-tuːk ‘SPIT’PKar *thuᴬ ‘SPIT (v.)’◦āsuffix ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang4

Khamkha◦somorpheme ‘sputum / phlegm’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.A.68

Khamkhā◦somorpheme ‘phlegm’Matisoff 87 BP

Khamkhā◦somorpheme ‘phlegm / sputum / saliva / mucus’Matisoff 87 BP

Khamkʰa◦somorpheme ‘sputum / phlegm’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.A.68

3.2Qiangic13

Ersutshɛ⁵⁵morpheme kɑ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ErsQ

Ersutshɛ⁵⁵morphemekɑ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.18

Namuyitsɿ³³morphemeqha⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.19

Namuyitsɿ³³morphemeqʰa⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 NamQ: 9.2.5

Pumi (Qinghua)qɑ¹³ n̥ɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘phlegm’Lu 83 Pumi

Pumi (Qinghua)qɑ¹³n̥ɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.11

Pumi (Taoba)ga³⁵ n̥ã⁵⁵morpheme ‘phlegm’Lu 83 Pumi

Pumi (Taoba)ga³⁵n̥ã⁵⁵morpheme ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.10

Qiang (Taoping)tsho⁵⁵morphemeqhɑ³³χne³³morpheme ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.9

Qiang (Taoping)tsʰo⁵⁵morpheme qhɑ³³ χne³³morpheme ‘phlegm’Sun H 81 Qia

Qiang (Yadu)tʂʰupmorpheme qʰɑ ‘phlegm’Dai 89 Qian: 191

Xumiqhɛ³³ nɯi³³morpheme ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ShiQ

Xumiqhɛ⁵⁵nɯi³³morpheme ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.20

3.3rGyalrongic2

Ergong (Daofu)sqhɑɹ ‘phlegm’Dai 89 Daof: 9.2.5

Ergong (Danba)sqʰaʴ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ErDQ: 9.2.5

6.1.1Burmish9

Achang (Luxi)khɔŋ⁵⁵morpheme kjak⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Dai 85 AcJZ

Bolakʰjauŋ³⁵morpheme kja̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Dai 89 Bola: 184

Maru [Langsu]khjauŋ³⁵morpheme kjɔ̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘liquid mucus’Dai 89 Lang: 3.5.6

Maru [Langsu]khjauŋ³⁵morpheme kjɔ̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘solid mucus’Dai 89 Lang: 3.5.7

Maru [Langsu]khjauŋ³⁵morpheme kjɔ̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Dai 89 Lang: 9.2.5

Maru [Langsu]khjauŋ³⁵morphemekjɔ̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.43

Atsi [Zaiwa]khjuŋ²¹morpheme kjo̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Xu 84 Zaiwa

Atsi [Zaiwa]khjuŋ²¹morphemekjo̱ʔ⁵⁵ nbp‘sputum’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0155.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]khuŋ²¹morphemekjo̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.42

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish10

Nusu (Central)ti³¹morpheme kʰɑʴ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Southern)ti³¹morpheme kʰɑ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Bijiang)ti³¹morphemekhɑʴ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.45

Nusu (Northern)ti̱³⁵morpheme kʰia⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)ti̱⁵⁵morpheme kʰʴɚ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Dai 89 NusA: 184.

Nusu (Central)ti⁵⁵morpheme kʰʴɚ⁵⁵ ‘phlegm’Dai 89 NusB: 184.

Nusu (Central)ti⁵⁵morphemekhɹɚ⁵⁵ nbp‘sputum’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0155.34

Yi (Nanjian)ti̱²¹morpheme khɑ²¹ ‘phlegm’Chen 85 YiJZ

Yi (Nanjian)ti̱²¹morphemekhɑ²¹ ‘phlegm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 279.23

Yi (Weishan)tɪ̱²¹morphemekhɑ²¹ nbp‘sputum’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0155.36

6.1.2.2Central Loloish4

Ahiɑ³³prefix xe̱³³ ‘phlegm’Luo 90: 9.2.5

Jinuo (Baya/Banai)kʰjø⁴⁴morpheme kʰlʌ³³ ‘phlegm’Dai 89 JinA: 191

Jinuo (Baka)kʰjø⁴⁴morpheme kʰlʌ³¹ ‘phlegm’Dai 89 JinB: 191

Jinuo (Youle)kʰø⁴⁴morpheme kʰɹə⁴² ‘phlegm’Gai 86

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #540, *k(r)aːk ‘PHLEGM / SPUTUM / MUCUS’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/540

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. STC p.71, HPTB p. 325, JS-HCST: 215

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-540,
  title  = {{*k(r)aːk 'PHLEGM / SPUTUM / MUCUS'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #540},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/540}
}