Reconstruction analysis
handles/r/m-initialnrhymeilcoverM · L
Intermediate reconstructions
Connections
HPTB*r/s-ni-l ‘gums’pp. 48, 103, 241, 410, 423, 427
See also*(r/n)iŋ ‘GUMS’
Notes
As STC surmises (note 58, p. 16), this root is very likely connected with #2499 PTB *r-ni RED, so that the original meaning seems to have been “tooth-redness”.
The *m- prefix (attested in Paangkua, Moyon, Angami) seems to be secondary in this root. This is reminiscent of the development of prefixal r- in Jingpho, which has regularly become a syllabic nasal. See STC:109-110 and HPTB:129.
A few languages (Kanauri, Written Tibetan) have developed an s- prefix, which is clearly a reduction of #632 PTB *s/p-wa TOOTH. The WT forms so-rnyil and snyil illustrate this prefixization process.
Chinese comparandum
矧 OC *śi̯ən, GSR #560i; Mand. shěn.
矤 OC *śi̯ən, GSR #560j; Mand. shěn.
Reflexes & cognates85 reflexes · 32 subgroups
0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)8
1.1.1.1Western Tani4
Bokarjiː#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-ñur ‘gums’Sun J 93 Tani
Galoi#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦ɲir ‘gums’Das Gupta 63 Gal
1.1.2Deng1
1.2Kuki-Chin1
1.2.1.1Northern Chin4
Kuki-Chinha#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦ni ‘gums’Haokip 98: 3.7.3
Sizanghā#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ nī ‘gum’VanBik 09 PKC: 816
1.2.2Central Chin9
Lai (Hakha)ha#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-nìi ‘gums’VanBik 09 PKC: 816
Lai (Hakha)ha#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦ni¹ ‘gums’Luce 85: R.84
Lushai [Mizo](háa)#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦hnîi ‘gums’Løffler 85 Paa
Lushai [Mizo]hå#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-hnî ‘gums’Weidert 87 TBTo: 933
Lushai [Mizo]ha#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-hni ‘gums’Benedict 72 STC: 3
Lushai [Mizo]háa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ hnî n‘gums’VanBik 09 PKC: 816
1.2.3Maraic1
1.2.4“Old Kuki”2
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group2
1.4Meithei1
1.5Mikir [Karbi]1
1.6Mru1
1.7.1.1Bodo4
Bodoha#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦tay#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ gomorpheme◦ri ‘gums’Matisoff 87 BP
Dimasaha#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-rni ‘gums (teeth)’Matisoff 87 BP
1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1
1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang2
1.7.3.1Jingpho2
2.1.1Western Himalayish14
2.1.2Bodic2
2.1.2.1Tibetan6
Tibetan (Written)rnyil ~ snyil ~ so#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-rnyil ‘gums’Coblin 86: 90
2.1.3Lepcha5
Lepchafo#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-n̊el ‘gums’Matisoff 87 BP
Lepchafo#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-nyăl ‘gums’Matisoff 87 BP
Lepchafo#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-nyǎl ~ fo-nyal ‘gums’Coblin 86: 90
2.1.4Tamangish5
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti3
2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1
3.2Qiangic2
Ersuʂɿ⁵⁵#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ ȵi⁵⁵ wɑ⁵⁵morpheme zɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘gums’Sun H 91 ErsQ
Guiqionghui⁵³#635 PTB *m-dzyway ‘TOOTH / TUSK’PLB *jway¹ ‘TOOTH / TUSK’PL *ʔ-cway¹ ‘TUSK’ nɛ⁵³ ‘gums’Guiqiong hui⁵³ could be a different rendering of xɯi⁵³ ‘tooth’ .Sun H 91 GuiQ
3.3rGyalrongic1
3.3.1rGyalrong1
6.1.1Burmish3
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish3
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish2
7Karenic1
9.0.1Old Chinese2
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #504,
*r/m-nil ‘GUMS’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/504Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#003; n.58, n.265, HPTB
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-504,
title = {{*r/m-nil 'GUMS'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #504},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/504}
}