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The Body › Limbs, Joints, and Body Measures › Hand, Arm, Wing

STEDT #754

*pum

ARM / SHOULDER

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlepo/uminitialprhymeo/umcoverP · N

Intermediate reconstructions

Loloish*pum¹ ‘SHOULDER’

Connections

Poss. allofam#567

Notes

This etymon looks rather similar to *s-bwam PLUMP / SWOLLEN [STC #172] as well as to #1317 PTB *bwap CALF / LEG [STC #30], since the bicep of the arm is protuberant like the calf of the leg. Cf. Mizo puam ‘swell’, pan-puam ‘muscle of upper arm’.

Both Meithei and Lui show assimilation of the final consonants of the first syllable (< #745 PTB *ban ARM / HAND / SHOULDER) to the initial of the second. The Liangmei form seems to show radical reduction of the first syllable to syllabic m, implying a two-stage development: assimilation to the initial of the second syllable, followed by reduction and prefixization of the first syllable.

Reflexes & cognates46 reflexes · 10 subgroups

1.1“North Assam”2

Sulung [Puroik]pua³³tok³³morpheme ‘arm’Sun H 93 SulQ

Sulung [Puroik]pua³³tok³³morpheme ‘arm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 253.52

1.3.3Zeme Group2

Liangmeimprefix◦poum ‘arm’The initial nasal in this form is perhaps from the final consonant of a formerly preceding syllable (cf. the Rongmei and Meithei forms where the first syllable is to be assigned to #745 PTB *ban ARM / HAND / SHOULDER).Marrison 67 Naga

Rongmei / Nruanghmeiban#745 PTB *ban ‘ARM / HAND / SHOULDER’PKC *ɓaan ‘ARM’PTk *paan ‘HAND / ARM’◦pom ‘arm’Marrison 67 Naga

1.4Meithei3

Meitheipam#745 PTB *ban ‘ARM / HAND / SHOULDER’PKC *ɓaan ‘ARM’PTk *paan ‘HAND / ARM’◦bom ‘arm’Note assimilation of the medial consonants.Singh 91 MeiQ: 6.1

Meitheipam#745 PTB *ban ‘ARM / HAND / SHOULDER’PKC *ɓaan ‘ARM’PTk *paan ‘HAND / ARM’◦bom ‘upperarm’Singh 91 MeiQ: 6.1.2

Meitheipam#745 PTB *ban ‘ARM / HAND / SHOULDER’PKC *ɓaan ‘ARM’PTk *paan ‘HAND / ARM’◦bom ‘arm’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte4

Tangsa (Moshang)yok#696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’MesorootsPKC *yak ‘ARMPIT’TGTM *ᴬʰjaː ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’ pʰum ‘arm’French 83: 500

Tangsa (Moshang)yok#696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’MesorootsPKC *yak ‘ARMPIT’TGTM *ᴬʰjaː ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’◦phum ‘arm’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangsa (Yogli)yak#696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’MesorootsPKC *yak ‘ARMPIT’TGTM *ᴬʰjaː ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’ pʰim ‘arm’French 83: 500

Tangsa (Yogli)yak#696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’MesorootsPKC *yak ‘ARMPIT’TGTM *ᴬʰjaː ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’◦phim ‘arm’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.3.1Jingpho5

Jingpholă³¹#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’phum³¹ nbp‘arm’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0105.19

Jingpholă³¹#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’phum³¹ ‘arm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 253.47

Jingpholă¹#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’ phum³¹ ‘arm’Liu 84

Jingpholă#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’◦hpùm ‘forearm’Hanson 06 KcDc: 376

1.7.3.2Asakian1

Luipam#745 PTB *ban ‘ARM / HAND / SHOULDER’PKC *ɓaan ‘ARM’PTk *paan ‘HAND / ARM’-bom ‘arm’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.4Tamangish16

Chantyalpɦam ‘shoulder’Noonan 92: 5.3

Tamang (Risiangku)³pam n‘shoulder’Mazaudon 91 TamQ: 5.3

Tamang (Risiangku)³pam ‘shoulder’Mazaudon 94 These: 688

Tamang (Sahu)'pāhm◦le#563 PTB *m/p-lyaŋ ‘SHOULDER’PKC *liaŋ ‘SHOULDER / WALL-PLATE’PKar *pleŋᴬ ‘SHOULDER’ ‘shoulder blade / scapula’Matisoff 87 BP

Tamang (Sahu)'pahm◦le#563 PTB *m/p-lyaŋ ‘SHOULDER’PKC *liaŋ ‘SHOULDER / WALL-PLATE’PKar *pleŋᴬ ‘SHOULDER’ ‘shoulder blade’Taylor 72 TmVo: 2.45

Tamang (Sahu)pāhm ‘shoulder’Matisoff 87 BP

Tamang (Sahu)pahm ‘shoulder’Taylor 72 TmVo: 2.27

Tamang (Sahu)³pam ‘shoulder’Mazaudon 94 These: 688

Tamang (Taglung)³bam ‘shoulder’Mazaudon 94 These: 688

Thakali (Marpha)²¹bɔʱm ‘shoulder’Mazaudon 94 These: 688

Thakali (Syang)²¹pʌm ‘shoulder’Mazaudon 94 These: 688

Thakali (Tukche)jamorpheme-pohm ‘shoulder’Hari 71a ThVo: 2.A.29

Thakali (Tukche)ja#696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’MesorootsPKC *yak ‘ARMPIT’TGTM *ᴬʰjaː ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’-pohm nɔmorpheme◦ʈimorpheme ‘shoulder blade’Hari 71a ThVo: 2.A.48

Thakali (Tukche)ya#696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’MesorootsPKC *yak ‘ARMPIT’TGTM *ᴬʰjaː ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’-pohm ‘arm’Matisoff 87 BP

Thakali (Tukche)yā#696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’MesorootsPKC *yak ‘ARMPIT’TGTM *ᴬʰjaː ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’-pohm namorpheme◦Timorpheme ‘shoulder blade / scapula’Matisoff 87 BP

Thakali (Tukche)³pom ‘shoulder’Mazaudon 94 These: 688

6.1.2Loloish

The Lahu rhyme -ɛ is often from PL *-um.

The putative Bisu and Phunoi reflexes of this weakly attested root show initial h- rather than a labial stop. If these are indeed valid reflexes, they would point to a development reminiscent of Old Japanese *p- going to Modern Japanese h-.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish5

Gazhuola⁵³#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’ phɛ³¹ tsɿ³³morpheme ‘shoulder’Dai 89 Gazh: 5.3

Gazhuola⁵³#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’phɛ³¹tsɿ³³morpheme n‘shoulder’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0090.47

Gazhuolɑ⁵³#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’pɑ³¹tsɿ³¹morphemetʰi³¹morpheme ‘shoulder blade’Mu 03 Gazhuo

Gazhuolɑ⁵³#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’pʰe³¹tsɿ³³morpheme ‘shoulder’Mu 03 Gazhuo

Lalophé ‘shoulder blade’Björverud 94

6.1.2.2Central Loloish2

Lahu (Yellow)laʔ²¹#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’ pʰe³³ ‘shoulder’Chang 86

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish6

Bisupa#570 PTB *ba-k ‘CARRY / SHOULDER’PTani *bak ‘CARRY ON BACK’ hùm ‘shoulder’Bradley 79 PLo

Bisupà#570 PTB *ba-k ‘CARRY / SHOULDER’PTani *bak ‘CARRY ON BACK’◦hòm ‘shoulder’Bradley 9x Bisu

Bisupà#570 PTB *ba-k ‘CARRY / SHOULDER’PTani *bak ‘CARRY ON BACK’◦hùm ‘shoulder’Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 15

Côông [Phunoi]bò#570 PTB *ba-k ‘CARRY / SHOULDER’PTani *bak ‘CARRY ON BACK’ hǔm ‘shoulder’Bradley 79 PLo

Côông [Phunoi]bŏ#1327 PTB *pwaŋ ‘ARM (upper) / SHOULDER’◦ɦum³⁵ ‘shoulder’Bradley xx Phu

Côông [Phunoi]ɓɔ̀#570 PTB *ba-k ‘CARRY / SHOULDER’PTani *bak ‘CARRY ON BACK’◦ɦǔm ‘shoulder’Matisoff 87 BP

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #754, *pum ‘ARM / SHOULDER’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/754

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: ↭ 567 ; cf. *sbom 'swell'

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-754,
  title  = {{*pum 'ARM / SHOULDER'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #754},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/754}
}