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STEDT #119

*(k/g)a(ː)ŋ

ROAST / TOAST / DRY / HOT / BURN / THIRSTY

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handleg/kainitial(g/k)rhymea(ː)ŋcoverK · N

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin(a) *kaŋ ‘BAKE / FRY / ROAST’PKC #253

Kuki-Chin(b) *kaaŋ-I, kaŋʔ ⪤ *kan-II ‘BURN / BLAZE’PKC #260

Kuki-Chin(c) *kaŋ-I, kan-II ‘DRY UP / EVAPORATE’PKC #275

Central Naga (Ao Group)*a-kuŋ ‘DRY (BE) / THIN, LEAN’PCN #219

Tangkhulic*kaŋ ‘BURN / SCORCH’DRM#752

Connections

HPTB*ka(ː)ŋ ‘roast / toast / burn / be dry’p. 268

Notes

STC sets up two separate roots: #330 PTB *(t)s(y)ow FINGER *kaːŋ and glossed ‘roast / toast / burn’ and #331 PTB *(t)si FINGER *kaŋ glossed ‘dry up’. We regard these two sets as reflecting the same etymon.

The sense of “thirsty” is not recognized in STC #330, 331.

Chinese comparandum

炕 OC (not in GSR #698, probably *k’ɑ̂ng), ‘heated brick bed / dry / to roast’; Mand. kàng.

Reflexes & cognates110 reflexes · 20 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)5

*Tibeto-Burmanka(ː)ŋ ‘roast / toast / burn / be dry’Mortensen 12 Tk

*Tibeto-Burmanka(ː)ŋ ‘roast / toast / burn / be dry’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 595

*Tibeto-Burmankaang ‘roast, toast’LaPolla 87: 15

*Tibeto-Burmankaŋ ‘dry up’Benedict 72 STC: 331

*Tibeto-Burmankaːŋ ‘roast / toast / burn’Benedict 72 STC: 330

1.2Kuki-Chin3

*Chinkaaŋ-I, kaŋʔ ⪤ kan-II ‘BURN / BLAZE’VanBik 09 PKC: 260

*Chinkaŋ ‘BAKE / FRY / ROAST’VanBik 09 PKC: 253

*Chinkaŋ-I, kan-II ‘DRY UP / EVAPORATE’VanBik 09 PKC: 275

1.2.1.1Northern Chin12

Paitekang ‘bake, fry’VanBik 09 PKC: 253

Paitekang ‘blaze, alight’VanBik 09 PKC: 260

Sizangkang hī ‘fry’VanBik 09 PKC: 253

Thadokà̀aŋ ⪤ kàa-I, kàʔ-II v.i.‘burn’VanBik 09 PKC: 260

Thadokâŋ-I, kàn-II ‘evaporate’VanBik 09 PKC: 275

Tiddimka:ŋ (level tone) ‘burn’Benedict 72 STC: 71n223

Tiddimkang² > kan³ v‘fry’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 554

Tiddimkang¹ ‘get dried up (as a brook or a pond etc.)’VanBik 09 PKC: 275

Tiddimkaŋ (level tone) ‘fry’Benedict 72 STC: 71n223

Tiddimkaŋ (rising tone) ‘dry up’Benedict 72 STC: 71n223

Tiddimkaːng³ > kat³ ‘burn’VanBik 09 PKC: 260

Tiddimˊkaŋ/ˋkan v‘dry up’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin3

Khumikaáng ‘dry (up), go down (e.g. of water after flood), not to rain (as in a drought)’VanBik 09 PKC: 275

Khumikang ‘burn’VanBik 09 PKC: 260

Khumipkaeéng ‘cook (vegetables) in a pot with a little water and chilis, napi (almost frying, but not with oil "braise?")’VanBik 09 PKC: 253

1.2.2Central Chin14

Lai (Hakha)kǎaŋ-I, kaŋʔ-II ‘blaze, burn’VanBik 09 PKC: 260

Lai (Falam)kàaŋ-INV ‘blaze, burn’VanBik 09 PKC: 260

Lai (Falam)kǎŋ ‘bake, roast’VanBik 09 PKC: 253

Lai (Hakha)kâŋ-I, kǎn-II ‘bake, fry, roast’VanBik 09 PKC: 253

Lai (Hakha)kàŋ-I, kǎn-II ‘dry up (as a lake), evaporate’VanBik 09 PKC: 275

Lushai [Mizo]kaang ‘burn’LaPolla 87: 15

Lushai [Mizo]kàaŋ-I, kân-II v‘burn, to be on fire’VanBik 09 PKC: 260

Lushai [Mizo]kâng v‘burn’Marrison 67 Naga

Lushai [Mizo]kâng v‘dry up, to evaporate, to decrease, to cease to flow (as water, spring, stream, etc)’VanBik 09 PKC: 275

Lushai [Mizo]kang v‘dry up’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 2515

Lushai [Mizo]káng-I, kàn-II ‘fry’VanBik 09 PKC: 253

Lushai [Mizo]kaŋ ‘evaporate, dry up’Benedict 72 STC: 331

Lushai [Mizo]kaːng vi‘burn’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 2504

Lushai [Mizo]kaːŋ ‘burn’Benedict 72 STC: 330

1.2.3Maraic1

Lakher [Mara]kā ‘ablaze, burnt’VanBik 09 PKC: 260

1.2.4“Old Kuki”2

Sorbungməmorpheme-kaaŋ v.‘dry’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: Verbs.053

Sorbungnàp#805 PTB *s-nap ‘SNOT / NASAL MUCUS’PTani *nap ~ *nop ‘SNOT’PKC *hnap ‘SNOT / MUCUS (nasal)’PTk *nap ‘SNOT’PLB *ʔ-napᴸ ‘SNOT’PL *s-napᴸ ‘MUCUS’-káaŋ ‘mucus, dry’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: BodyParts.060

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)19

*Central Nagaaprefix-kuŋ be v.‘DRY / THIN, LEAN’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.219

*Aoaprefix-kuŋ be v.‘DRY’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.066

Ao (Chungli)-kúŋ be v.‘dry’Temsunungsang 09 Ao: 8

Ao (Chungli)a³prefix-kuŋ³ be v.‘dry’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.066

Ao (Chungli)kuŋ²ɹa³morpheme kuŋ²ɹaɹ³²morpheme adj.‘quite thin (of people)’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.219

Ao (Chungli)mu²#2436 PTB *ma ‘(NEGATIVE)’PCN *maʔ ‘NO (REFUSAL)’kuŋ² be v.‘cold’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.064

Ao (Chungli)taprefix◦kong adj‘dry’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Chungli)teprefix◦mo#2436 PTB *ma ‘(NEGATIVE)’PCN *maʔ ‘NO (REFUSAL)’◦kong ‘cold’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Chungli)tu³prefix-kuŋ³ɹa²#6192 PTB *s-ra-y ‘DISEASE / ILLNESS / AILMENT / DISCOMFORT / HOT’PCN *(h)raj ‘DISEASE, ILLNESS, AILMENT’ adj.‘thin (of people)’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.219

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)tüprefix◦mu#2436 PTB *ma ‘(NEGATIVE)’PCN *maʔ ‘NO (REFUSAL)’◦kung ‘cold’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)(NZPprefix-) kuŋ be v.‘dry’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)(NZPprefix-) mə#2436 PTB *ma ‘(NEGATIVE)’PCN *maʔ ‘NO (REFUSAL)’◦kuŋ be v.‘cold’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)hwaŋ v.‘roast, toast [roasted, toasted] (over coals)’Coupe 07 Ao

Lotha Nagaŋ̍¹prefix-koŋ³- v.‘dry (vt.) / shrivel up / be skinny’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.219

Lotha Nagaeprefix◦khyang adj‘dry’Marrison 67 Naga

Lotha Naganprefix◦kong ‘dry’Murry 78: 35

Sangtamaprefix◦kong adj‘dry’Marrison 67 Naga

Sangtamaprefix◦kong◦ra#6192 PTB *s-ra-y ‘DISEASE / ILLNESS / AILMENT / DISCOMFORT / HOT’PCN *(h)raj ‘DISEASE, ILLNESS, AILMENT’ ‘thin’Kumar 73 Sang

Yimchungrüaprefix◦kung adj‘dry’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic2

*Tangkhulickaŋ ‘burn / scorch’Mortensen 12 Tk: 752

Ukhrulkəmorpheme-kaŋ be v.‘burnt (food), scorched (as curry while cooking)’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.4Meithei1

Meitheiaprefix◦kang◦bamorpheme adj‘dry’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.1.1Bodo4

Bodogagan ‘thirsty’Bhat 68 Boro

Bodogáŋ v‘thirsty; thirst for something’Bhat 68 Boro

Dimasagang ‘thirsty’Marrison 67 Naga

Kokborokkaŋ ‘thirsty’Tripuri 88

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1

Phomgaŋ³¹ ‘warm at fire (e.g. hands, food)’Burling 98 Phom

1.7.3.1Jingpho5

Jingphokă³¹morphemeka̱ŋ³³ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 631.47

Jingphokă¹morphemeka̱ŋ³³ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Liu 84

Jingphokaŋ be v.‘hot; emit heat, as the sun / a flame’Benedict 72 STC: 330

Jingphokaŋ be v.‘dry, as paddy, garments / the like’Benedict 72 STC: 331

Jingphokəprefix◦kaŋ ‘roast, toast, bake’Benedict 72 STC: 330

2.1.2Bodic4

Tshona (Mama)kɔŋ⁵³ ‘dry in the sun’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 749.6

Cuona Menbakoŋ⁵³ v.‘dry by fire’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1374.06

Cuona Menbakɔŋ⁵³ v.‘dry (clothes) in the air’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1498.06

Cuona Menbakɔŋ⁵⁵ ŋa³¹morpheme v.‘dry (clothes) in the sun’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1604.06

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti2

Limbukaŋ- ‘<dry> to be dried, to be heated (at the edge of the fire)’Driem 88? LimA

Limbukaŋs- v.‘heat, to dry (bread, yam, etc. at the edge of the fire)’Driem 88? LimA

3.2Qiangic3

Xumikõ⁵⁵ v.‘warm oneself by (a fire)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1474.17

Xumikɔ̃³⁵ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 631.20

Xumiȵɛ³³#2136 PTB *mey ‘FIRE’PTani *mə ‘FIRE’PKC *may ‘FIRE’PCN *mej(ʔ) ‘FIRE’PTk *mej ‘FIRE’PLB *s/ʔ-mey² ‘FIRE’PKar *hmeᴮ ‘FIRE’kɔ̃³⁵ ‘warm (oneself) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 632.20

4Nungic6

Anongdəmorpheme◦gaŋ ‘toast’Benedict 72 STC: 330

Nunggɛŋ⁵⁵ ‘dry’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1028.21

Anonggɛŋ⁵⁵ ‘dry’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 864.44

Rawangrəmɑ⁵³morpheme gaŋ³¹ ‘fields (dry)’LaPolla 03: 50

Trung [Dulong]dɯ³¹morphemegɑŋ⁵⁵ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 631.46

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)dɯ³¹morphemegɑŋ⁵⁵ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun H 82 Dul

6.1.1Burmish16

Achang (Lianghe)kɑŋ⁵⁵ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Lianghe)kɑŋ⁵⁵ ‘warm (oneself) near fire’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Longchuan)kuaŋ⁵⁵ ‘warm (oneself) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 632.41

Achang (Luxi)kaŋ³¹ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Luxi)kaŋ³¹ ‘warm (oneself) near fire’Dai 85 AcJZ

Bola (Luxi)kɔ⁵⁵ v.‘dry by fire’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1374.32

Burmese (Written)kaŋ ‘broil, roast, toast’Benedict 72 STC: 330

Burmese (Written)kɑŋ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 631.39

Burmese (Written)kɑŋ² v.‘dry by fire’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1374.26

Langsu (Luxi)kɔ̱̃³¹ v.‘dry by fire’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1374.31

Langsu (Luxi)kɔ̃³¹ v.‘warm oneself by (a fire)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1474.31

Leqi (Luxi)ka̱ːŋ³³ v.‘dry by fire’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1374.33

Leqi (Luxi)kaːŋ³¹ v.‘warm oneself by (a fire)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1474.33

Maru [Langsu]kɔ̱̃³¹ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 631.43

Maru [Langsu]kɔ̃³¹ ‘warm (oneself) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 632.43

Atsi [Zaiwa]kaŋ⁵¹ ‘warm (oneself) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 632.42

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish10

Nusu (Bijiang)kɑ̃³¹ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 631.45

Nusu (Southern)kɔ̃³¹ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Central)kɔ̃³¹ v.‘dry by fire’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1374.34

Nusu (Northern)kə̃⁵⁵ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun J 86 Nusu

Yi (Dafang)kɔ³³ ‘warm (oneself) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 632.22

Yi (Dafang)kɔ³³; ɬi¹³#2420 PTB *s-l(u/i)m ‘WARM’PKC *lum ⪤ *hlum ‘WARM / HOT’PCN *l[a/ə]m ‘WARM’PTk *lum ‘WARM’PKar *lamᴬ ‘WARM’ ‘dry(clothes)nr fire;dry(kang)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 631.22

Yi (Liangshan)ko³³ ‘dry out; warm up’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Nanhua)ka³³ v.‘dry by fire’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1374.37

Yi (Nanhua)kᴀ³³ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 631.24

Yi (Nanhua)kᴀ³³ ‘warm (oneself) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 632.24

6.1.2.2Central Loloish8

Lahu (Black)qɔ ‘roast or bake; expose to heat’Matisoff 88 DL: p. 250

Lisuko̱³³ v.‘dry by fire’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1374.40

Lisuko³³ v.‘warm oneself by (a fire)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1474.40

Lisuko⁴⁴ ‘dry (clothes) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 631.27

Lisuko⁴⁴ ‘warm (oneself) near fire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 632.27

Lisu (Northern)kɔ³³ V‘dry or warm up with fire; bake; air in sunshine’Bradley 94 Lisu

Yi (Sani)qo⁴⁴ v.‘dry by fire’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1374.39

Yi (Sani)qo⁴⁴ v.‘warm oneself by (a fire)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1474.39

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #119, *(k/g)a(ː)ŋ ‘ROAST / TOAST / DRY / HOT / BURN / THIRSTY’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/119

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. STC#330, STC#331, HPTB p.268

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-119,
  title  = {{*(k/g)a(ː)ŋ 'ROAST / TOAST / DRY / HOT / BURN / THIRSTY'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #119},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/119}
}