Reconstruction analysis
handlemainitialmrhymeacoverM · V
Intermediate reconstructions
Connections
HPTB*ma-y ‘negative’pp. 172, 488
Notes
This functor is widely attested in many branches of Tibeto-Burman. Several Qiangic languages show the expected “brightening” of *-a to *-i.
In many languages there is an allegro variant with zero-initial, e.g. Lahu mâ ~ â.
Chinese comparandum
無 OC *mi̯wo, GSR #103a ‘no, not have’; Coblin 86:113 ST *mjaɣ > OC *mjag; Schuessler 2007:518-19 *ma; B & S 2011: *ma; Mand. wú.
Reflexes & cognates507 reflexes · 28 subgroups
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)2
1.1.2Deng2
1.3“Naga” Areal Group1
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)45
Ao (Chungli)mu²kuŋ²#119 PTB *(k/g)a(ː)ŋ ‘ROAST / TOAST / DRY / HOT / BURN / THIRSTY’PKC *kaŋ ‘BAKE / FRY / ROAST’PKC *kaaŋ-I, kaŋʔ ⪤ *kan-II ‘BURN / BLAZE’PKC *kaŋ-I, kan-II ‘DRY UP / EVAPORATE’PCN *a-kuŋ ‘DRY (BE) / THIN, LEAN’PTk *kaŋ ‘BURN / SCORCH’ be v.‘cold’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.064
Ao (Chungli)teprefix◦mo◦kong#119 PTB *(k/g)a(ː)ŋ ‘ROAST / TOAST / DRY / HOT / BURN / THIRSTY’PKC *kaŋ ‘BAKE / FRY / ROAST’PKC *kaaŋ-I, kaŋʔ ⪤ *kan-II ‘BURN / BLAZE’PKC *kaŋ-I, kan-II ‘DRY UP / EVAPORATE’PCN *a-kuŋ ‘DRY (BE) / THIN, LEAN’PTk *kaŋ ‘BURN / SCORCH’ ‘cold’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)mükyi#2355 PTB *m-kul ‘TWENTY / ALL’PKC *kul ‘TWENTY’PCN *mu-kju ‘TWENTY’PTk *kul ‘TWENTY’-mü◦penmorpheme-teprefix◦ni#2505 PTB *s-ni-s ‘SEVEN’PTani *kV-nɯt ‘SEVEN’PKC *sa-riʔ ‘SEVEN’PCN *th-ni(t) ‘SEVEN’PTk *ni ‘SEVEN’PNN *C̬-nit ‘SEVEN’TGTM *ᴮʰnis ‘SEVEN’PLB *ʔ-nit ⪤ *ši² ‘SEVEN’PL *C-ʃi(k)²/ᴸ ‘SEVEN’PKar *hnət / hnwi-t ‘SEVEN’PKar *Ɂnweᴬ, Ɂnwetᴰ ‘SEVEN’ ‘seventeen’This is an excellent example of the original “overcounting” numeral system of Mongsen Ao (cf. Coupe 2007, Clark 1893). The individual morphemes are are as follows: ‘twenty-NEG-be.complete-seven’, i.e. “the seven before the twenty”.Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)mükyi#2355 PTB *m-kul ‘TWENTY / ALL’PKC *kul ‘TWENTY’PCN *mu-kju ‘TWENTY’PTk *kul ‘TWENTY’◦mü◦penmorpheme◦tsit#2259 PTB *b-r-gyat ⪤ *b-g-ryat ‘EIGHT’PKC *riat ‘EIGHT’PTk *ʃɐt ‘EIGHT’PLB *ʔ-ritᴸ ‘EIGHT’PL *C-yetᴸ ‘EIGHT’PKar *khrɔtᴰ/grɔtᴰ ‘EIGHT’ ‘eighteen’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)tüprefix◦mu◦kung#119 PTB *(k/g)a(ː)ŋ ‘ROAST / TOAST / DRY / HOT / BURN / THIRSTY’PKC *kaŋ ‘BAKE / FRY / ROAST’PKC *kaaŋ-I, kaŋʔ ⪤ *kan-II ‘BURN / BLAZE’PKC *kaŋ-I, kan-II ‘DRY UP / EVAPORATE’PCN *a-kuŋ ‘DRY (BE) / THIN, LEAN’PTk *kaŋ ‘BURN / SCORCH’ ‘cold’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)(NZPprefix-) mə◦kuŋ#119 PTB *(k/g)a(ː)ŋ ‘ROAST / TOAST / DRY / HOT / BURN / THIRSTY’PKC *kaŋ ‘BAKE / FRY / ROAST’PKC *kaaŋ-I, kaŋʔ ⪤ *kan-II ‘BURN / BLAZE’PKC *kaŋ-I, kan-II ‘DRY UP / EVAPORATE’PCN *a-kuŋ ‘DRY (BE) / THIN, LEAN’PTk *kaŋ ‘BURN / SCORCH’ be v.‘cold’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagam̩³- pfx.‘not, NEGATIVE (verbal)’[Source note] assimilates in place to following consonantBruhn 14 SuppCN
Lotha Nagam◦mhe#2449 PTB *s-min ‘RIPE / COOKED / DELICIOUS’PTani *min ‘RIPE’PKC *hmin ‘RIPE / WELL-COOKED’PCN *hmən ‘RIPEN, BE RIPE / BE COOKED’PTk *min ‘RIPE / WELL-COOKED’PNN *min ‘RIPE’PLB *s/ʔ-min¹ ‘RIPE / SWEET / DELICIOUS’PL *s-miŋ³ ‘RIPE’PKar *hminᴬ ‘RIPE, COOKED’ ‘raw (unripe)’Marrison 67 Naga
Sangtamaprefix◦mü◦pi#7726 PCN *p[a/ə]n ‘COMPLETE / SUFFICIENT / FULL’◦samorpheme ‘incomplete’Kumar 73 Sang
Yimchungrüaprefix◦mü◦mün#2449 PTB *s-min ‘RIPE / COOKED / DELICIOUS’PTani *min ‘RIPE’PKC *hmin ‘RIPE / WELL-COOKED’PCN *hmən ‘RIPEN, BE RIPE / BE COOKED’PTk *min ‘RIPE / WELL-COOKED’PNN *min ‘RIPE’PLB *s/ʔ-min¹ ‘RIPE / SWEET / DELICIOUS’PL *s-miŋ³ ‘RIPE’PKar *hminᴬ ‘RIPE, COOKED’◦khimorpheme ‘unripe’Kumar 73 Yim: 31
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group6
1.3.3Zeme Group2
1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1
2.1.2Bodic13
Tsangla (Central)ma◦lek#663 PTB *l(y)a(k/ŋ) ‘GOOD / BEAUTIFUL’Allofams16a #2722 PTB *m-tyak/ŋ ⪤ *tik/ŋ ‘GOOD / VERY / REAL / STRAIGHT’16b #663 PTB *l(y)a(k/ŋ) ‘GOOD / BEAUTIFUL’◦pasuffix ‘bad’Andvik 93: 130b
2.1.2.1Tibetan13
2.2Newar1
2.3Kiranti1
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti1
2.3.4Western Kiranti1
2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang4
3.2Qiangic159
Ersuma³³phɛ⁵⁵#2583 PTB *pəw ‘PRICE’PKC *phuu ‘DEBT / REVENGE’PLB *pəw² ‘PRICE’PL *po² ‘PRICE’khuɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘cheap’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 877.18
Lyuzuma³³nduo⁵³morpheme v.‘disappear / vanish (lit. 'not seen anymore')’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1731.18
Lyuzumæ³³phe⁵³#2583 PTB *pəw ‘PRICE’PKC *phuu ‘DEBT / REVENGE’PLB *pəw² ‘PRICE’PL *po² ‘PRICE’khuæ³¹morpheme ‘cheap’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1055.18
Lyuzumæ³³ʂu⁵³#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ʂu⁵³#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ ‘dirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1086.18
Namuyimi³³ʁa³⁵#5677 PTB *k-ra ‘STRENGTH / WIN / CLASSIFIER FOR PEOPLE’PLB *k-ra² ‘STRENGTH / WIN / OVERCOME’PLB *ra³ ‘GET / OBTAIN’PLB *ra² ‘CLF FOR PEOPLE’ ‘lose (a game)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 682.19
Namuyimɛ³³ʁa³⁵#5677 PTB *k-ra ‘STRENGTH / WIN / CLASSIFIER FOR PEOPLE’PLB *k-ra² ‘STRENGTH / WIN / OVERCOME’PLB *ra³ ‘GET / OBTAIN’PLB *ra² ‘CLF FOR PEOPLE’ ‘lose’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 798.19
Namuyimɛ⁵⁵nthɛ³⁵#5515 PTB *m-tak ‘SHARP’PLB *takᴴ ‘SHARP’PKar *thaŋᴬ ‘SHARP’ ‘blunt’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 871.19
Namuyimɛ⁵⁵phu⁵⁵#2583 PTB *pəw ‘PRICE’PKC *phuu ‘DEBT / REVENGE’PLB *pəw² ‘PRICE’PL *po² ‘PRICE’dʐɛ³⁵morpheme ‘cheap’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 877.19
Namuyimɛ⁵⁵ʂɛ³³#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ʂɛ⁵⁵#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ ‘dirty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 854.19
Namuyimæ⁵³mi³¹#2449 PTB *s-min ‘RIPE / COOKED / DELICIOUS’PTani *min ‘RIPE’PKC *hmin ‘RIPE / WELL-COOKED’PCN *hmən ‘RIPEN, BE RIPE / BE COOKED’PTk *min ‘RIPE / WELL-COOKED’PNN *min ‘RIPE’PLB *s/ʔ-min¹ ‘RIPE / SWEET / DELICIOUS’PL *s-miŋ³ ‘RIPE’PKar *hminᴬ ‘RIPE, COOKED’ ‘uncooked / raw’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1049.46
Namuyimæ⁵³nthæ³¹#5515 PTB *m-tak ‘SHARP’PLB *takᴴ ‘SHARP’PKar *thaŋᴬ ‘SHARP’ ‘blunt / dull’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1021.46
Namuyimæ⁵³næ̱³¹#660 PTB *s-na ‘GOOD’PLB *ʔ-na¹ ‘GOOD / PERMISSIBLE’ ‘bad’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1053.46
Namuyimæ⁵³ʂa³³#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ʂa⁵³#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ ‘dirty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1086.46
Qiang (Longxi)mà só#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ ‘dirty’[Source note] cf. ‘poison’.Evans 99 Qiang: 1542
Qiang (Mawo)mə ɕu#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ tiumorpheme ‘dirty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 854.8
Qiang (Mawo)phə#2583 PTB *pəw ‘PRICE’PKC *phuu ‘DEBT / REVENGE’PLB *pəw² ‘PRICE’PL *po² ‘PRICE’ ma lamorpheme ‘cheap’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 877.8
Qiang (Mianchi)duɛ̀morpheme-diòmorpheme-mì-lɛ́morpheme ‘overly talkative [mouth-door-not-have]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1614
Qiang (Mianchi)duɛ̀morpheme-diòmorpheme-mì-uɛ́morpheme-mùmorpheme ‘longwinded [mouth-door-NEG-have-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1586
Qiang (Mianchi)ìmorpheme-mí-sìmorpheme-ȵàmorpheme-qhuɛ̀morpheme-mì-témorpheme ‘quiet [chicken-not-cluck-and-dog-not-bark]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1544
Qiang (Mianchi)mì (dzɛ́)#36 PTB *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s ‘EAT / FOOD / FEED / RICE’PKC *θaʔ ‘FEED’PCN *tsaʔ ‘EAT’PCN *a-tsa-k ‘RICE (paddy)’PTk *tsa ‘EAT’PTk *tsaat ‘RICE (COOKED)’ ‘NEG (+ eat)’Evans 99 Qiang: 2638
Qiang (Mianchi)mù#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ tímorpheme-àmorpheme-ʑàmorpheme-mì-uémorpheme-mùmorpheme ‘one-eyed person [eye-one-CL-NEG-have-person]’Evans 99 Qiang: 268
Qiang (Mianchi)mù#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ tiémorpheme-mí-tiùmorpheme-mùmorpheme ‘blind person [eyes-not-see-AGT]’Evans 99 Qiang: 259
Qiang (Mianchi)mɛ̀morpheme tiémorpheme-mí-tiùmorpheme-mùmorpheme ‘blind person [eyes-not-see-AGT]’Evans 99 Qiang: 259
Qiang (Mianchi)qɛ́morpheme zɨ̀morpheme-mì-ŋàmorpheme ‘flustered, confused [reason-not-have]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1612
Qiang (Mianchi)tiɛ́#1387 PTB *s-diŋ ‘HEART / LIVER’-qɛ̀morpheme-mì-tə̀morpheme ‘careless, slipshod [heart-m-not-put]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1613
Qiang (Mianchi)tshɨ̀#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’-mí-dzùmorpheme ‘bland [salt-NEG-enough?]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1531
Qiang (Mianchi)tɕhìmorpheme-mì-ȵúmorpheme-uàmorpheme ‘die [b(breath)-NEG-m-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1846
Qiang (Mianchi)ù sùmorpheme-mí-qèmorpheme ʐàmorpheme ‘envy, despise [look-NEG-a.little]’Evans 99 Qiang: 2022
Qiang (Mianchi)ȵàmorpheme kímorpheme-mì-ŋuɛ̀morpheme ‘must, have to [what-not-be]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1666
Qiang (Taoping)mi⁵⁵phə⁵⁵#2583 PTB *pəw ‘PRICE’PKC *phuu ‘DEBT / REVENGE’PLB *pəw² ‘PRICE’PL *po² ‘PRICE’ly⁵⁵morpheme ‘cheap’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 877.9
Xumime⁵⁵ʂɑ̃⁵⁵#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ ‘dirty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 854.20
3.3rGyalrongic2
3.3.1rGyalrong3
4Nungic10
Rawangmɑ³¹ phɯ⁵³#2583 PTB *pəw ‘PRICE’PKC *phuu ‘DEBT / REVENGE’PLB *pəw² ‘PRICE’PL *po² ‘PRICE’ wɛ³³morpheme ‘cheap’LaPolla 03: 1082
Trung [Dulong]mɯ³¹e⁵³#450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’Allofams1 #1821 PTB *s/g-ray ⪤ *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR / GOD’1a #449 PTB *g-ray ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1b #658 PTB *g-ray ‘GOD / CREATOR’1c #450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1d #5495 PTB *s-ray ‘PLURALIZER’ ‘NEG+copula’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 734.46
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)mɯ³¹e⁵³#450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’Allofams1 #1821 PTB *s/g-ray ⪤ *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR / GOD’1a #449 PTB *g-ray ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1b #658 PTB *g-ray ‘GOD / CREATOR’1c #450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1d #5495 PTB *s-ray ‘PLURALIZER’ ‘NEG+copula’Sun H 82 Dul
5Tujia1
6.1Lolo-Burmese1
6.1.1Burmish40
Langsu (Luxi)mə̆³¹jauŋ⁵⁵#663 PTB *l(y)a(k/ŋ) ‘GOOD / BEAUTIFUL’Allofams16a #2722 PTB *m-tyak/ŋ ⪤ *tik/ŋ ‘GOOD / VERY / REAL / STRAIGHT’16b #663 PTB *l(y)a(k/ŋ) ‘GOOD / BEAUTIFUL’ ‘ugly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1061.31
Marmamə◦hlǎ#2264 PTB *m-hla ‘SOUL / DEMON / GOD / BEAUTIFUL’PKC *khlaa ‘SPIRIT / IMAGE / SHADOW (n.) / SOUL’PTk *hla ‘SHADOW / SPIRIT / SOUL’ vi‘ugly’Huziwara 08 Sak: 349-1
Maru [Langsu]mə̆³¹jauŋ⁵⁵#663 PTB *l(y)a(k/ŋ) ‘GOOD / BEAUTIFUL’Allofams16a #2722 PTB *m-tyak/ŋ ⪤ *tik/ŋ ‘GOOD / VERY / REAL / STRAIGHT’16b #663 PTB *l(y)a(k/ŋ) ‘GOOD / BEAUTIFUL’ ‘ugly’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 848.43
6.1.2Loloish2
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish36
Gazhuoma³¹na³⁵#660 PTB *s-na ‘GOOD’PLB *ʔ-na¹ ‘GOOD / PERMISSIBLE’ ‘bad’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1053.47
Gazhuoma³¹phv³¹#2583 PTB *pəw ‘PRICE’PKC *phuu ‘DEBT / REVENGE’PLB *pəw² ‘PRICE’PL *po² ‘PRICE’kha⁵⁵morpheme ‘cheap’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1055.47
Yi (Liangshan)a³⁴bi³³#7185 PTB *s-bi ‘OLD’PLB *ʔ-bi² ‘OLD (of things)’ ‘defective; old (not new); poor (quality)’Ma 08 Yi: index
6.1.2.2Central Loloish78
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹ dʑi⁴⁴morphemeæ³³morpheme ma³³morpheme ‘ugly; not clean; despicable and filthy; base’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹ ni³⁵morphemetɕhɤ³⁵morpheme ‘not worry; not rash; steady; prudent’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹ba²¹morpheme ma²¹thu³³morpheme ‘not too thin nor too thick; not too thin nor too dense; even’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹dzɔ²¹#5790 PLB *dzyaŋ ‘CORRECT / RIGHT / PROPER / OUGHT’ ‘not right; incorrect; not suitable’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹gu³³morpheme ma²¹sa²¹morpheme ‘endlessly; ceaselessly; will not stop until finish’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹hwa⁵⁵morpheme ma²¹sa²¹morpheme ‘go all out to do better; not stop until victory’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹mɔ²¹#2440 PTB *maŋ ‘BIG / ELDER (BROTHER, UNCLE) / OLD’PLB *maŋ² ‘OLD (of people)’ ma²¹læ⁵⁵morpheme ‘middle-aged; not old nor young’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹tshi³³morpheme ‘not only; not less than; not merely; without end; not simply’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹tʃhɿ³³morpheme ‘no matter; there is no need; not necessary; not important’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹vu²¹morpheme ma²¹jɔ³³morpheme ‘not too big nor too small; medium; medium size’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹ɣɔʔ²¹morpheme ma²¹phɤ³³morpheme ‘match; match well; not very different from each other’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹ɤ²¹morpheme ma²¹nɤ²¹morpheme ‘proper distance; not too close nor too far’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma²¹ʃɿ³³morpheme ma²¹ɲɔ⁵⁵morpheme ‘not too long nor too short; just right’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ni²¹morphemethɔ³⁵morpheme ma²¹ dʑɔ⁴⁴morpheme ‘not different; alike; very similar’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ni³⁵morphemekhwa²¹morpheme ma²¹ ʃɿ³³morpheme ‘not reconciled to; not content’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ni³⁵morphemema³³morpheme ma²¹sa³³morpheme ‘worry; be anxious; not quite oneself’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phi²¹morphemephu³³morpheme ni³⁵morpheme ma²¹ phu³morpheme ‘not open-minded; think in one way and behave in another; with a forced smile’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)thɔ²¹morphemethɔ²¹morpheme ma²¹thɔ²¹ A‘often; have or not have business’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)zø²¹#5574 PTB *z(y)um ⪤ *zuŋ ‘USE’PLB *zum² ‘USE’ ma²¹ zæʔ²¹morpheme ‘have no use; not suitable for use’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)ɲi²¹morphemethɔ³⁵morpheme ma²¹ dʑɔ⁴⁴morpheme ‘not different; alike; very similar’Bradley 94 Lisu
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish34
Hani (Lüchun)ma pjhö#2583 PTB *pəw ‘PRICE’PKC *phuu ‘DEBT / REVENGE’PLB *pəw² ‘PRICE’PL *po² ‘PRICE’ ‘cheap’Hansson 89 AHKP: 88
Hani (Lüchun)mà pjhö#2583 PTB *pəw ‘PRICE’PKC *phuu ‘DEBT / REVENGE’PLB *pəw² ‘PRICE’PL *po² ‘PRICE’ ‘cheap’Hansson 89 AHKP: 88
Silama21 mɯ21#2457 PTB *mway ‘BEAUTIFUL / PERFECTLY / WELL’PKC *mooy ‘BEAUTIFUL / APPROPRIATE’ ‘bad’Kato 08 Lao: 259
Silaŋɔ55morpheme ko55morpheme ɯ21morpheme a21morpheme ma̰21morpheme ma21 ŋɤ55morpheme ‘I am not Sila.’Kato 08 Lao: 302
6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish22
6.2Naxi34
Laze (Xiangjiao)mə˥ʂu˥#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ ‘dirty’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2212
Na (Yongning)dzi˩morphemebi˩morphemeni˩morphememə˩gv˩˧morpheme v.‘not be accustomed to’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)mɤ˧ʂu˩#2745 PTB *(t)s(y)aŋ ‘CLEAR / PURE / CLEAN’PKC *thiaŋ-I, thian-II ‘CLEAN / CLEAR’PCN *tsaŋ ‘CLEAN (BE) / BE CLEAR’ ‘dirty’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Yongning)mə³³dʑu³³#282 PTB *m-dzyaŋ ‘BE THERE / HAVE’; mɑ³³dʑu³³#282 PTB *m-dzyaŋ ‘BE THERE / HAVE’ ‘NEG+have’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 736.29
Naxi (Yongning)mə³³mv³¹#2449 PTB *s-min ‘RIPE / COOKED / DELICIOUS’PTani *min ‘RIPE’PKC *hmin ‘RIPE / WELL-COOKED’PCN *hmən ‘RIPEN, BE RIPE / BE COOKED’PTk *min ‘RIPE / WELL-COOKED’PNN *min ‘RIPE’PLB *s/ʔ-min¹ ‘RIPE / SWEET / DELICIOUS’PL *s-miŋ³ ‘RIPE’PKar *hminᴬ ‘RIPE, COOKED’ ‘raw’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 868.29
Naximə³³thɑ⁵⁵#5515 PTB *m-tak ‘SHARP’PLB *takᴴ ‘SHARP’PKar *thaŋᴬ ‘SHARP’ ‘blunt / dull’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1021.45
7Karenic1
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #2436,
*ma ‘(NEGATIVE)’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2436Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC p.96
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2436,
title = {{*ma '(NEGATIVE)'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2436},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2436}
}