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STEDT #468

*ku(w)

MOUTH

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlekuwinitialkrhymeu(w)coverK · W

Connections

HPTB*ku(w) ‘mouth’p. 198

Notes

It is so far unclear whether this root should be reconstructed with simple *-u or with the diphthong or long vowel *-əw. This uncertainty is conventionally reflected by the reconstruction *-u(w).

The putative Tangut cognate has undergone a change from velar stop to velar nasal.

There is an excellent Chinese comparandum.

Chinese comparandum

口 OC *k’u, GSR #110a-c ‘mouth’; Coblin 86:110 ST *khuɣ > OC *khugx; Schuessler 2007:336 *khôʔ; B & S 2011: *kʰˁoʔ {kʰˁ(r)oʔ}; Mand. kǒu.

Reflexes & cognates78 reflexes · 21 subgroups

Bodokəwgá ‘mouth’also contains *m/s-k(w)a-yBhat 68 Boro

Bodokəw◦gá#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

Dimasakhu ‘mouth’Chou 72: 110a-c

Dimasakhu ‘mouth’Marrison 67 Naga

Dimasakhu ‘mouth’Benedict 72 STC: 184n483

Dimasakhu ‘mouth’Coblin 86: 110

Dimasakhu-sga#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ ‘chin’Benedict 72 STC: 470

Dimasakhu◦jer#448 PTB *d(y)al ‘LIP / SKIN’ ‘lip’Marrison 67 Naga

Dimasakhu◦sga#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ ‘chin’Marrison 67 Naga

Dimasakhu◦ska#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ ‘jaw’Marrison 67 Naga

Kokborokbəprefix◦kʰoʔ ‘mouth’Tripuri 88

Kokborokkʰoʔ-či#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’ ‘lip’Tripuri 88

Lalung [Tiwa]khuʔ ‘mouth’Balawan 65: 17

Lalung [Tiwa]khu◦smangʔ#1114 PTB *s-ma-ŋ ‘BEARD / MOUSTACHE’ ‘moustache’Balawan 65: 19

Lalung [Tiwa]khu◦ur#452 PTB *b(i/u)l ⪤ *byal ‘LIP / LOBE / LID’PTani *bel ‘LIP’ ‘mouth’Balawan 65: 18

Mecheko◦gaʔ#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ ‘mouth’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1061

1.7.1.2Garo14

Garoku / khu ‘mouth’Benedict 72 STC: 184n483

Garoku ~ khu ‘mouth’Chou 72: 110a-c

Garoku ~ khu ‘mouth’Coblin 86: 110

Garoku-ci#298 PTB *m-t(w)əy-n ⪤ *m-ti-s ‘WATER / FLUID / LIQUID / RIVER / SOAK / SPIT’PKC *tuy ‘WATER / FLUID / LIQUID’PTk *dɨ ‘WATER’PLB *m/ʔ-titᴴ ‘WET / SOAK’PKar *thejᴬ ‘WATER’ ‘spittle / saliva’Matisoff 87 BP

Garoku-sik#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’ ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

Garo (Bangladesh)ka'morpheme-mamorpheme-nimorpheme ku'-chil#448 PTB *d(y)al ‘LIP / SKIN’ ‘lower lip’Burling 92 GaBa

Garo (Bangladesh)ku'-chi#298 PTB *m-t(w)əy-n ⪤ *m-ti-s ‘WATER / FLUID / LIQUID / RIVER / SOAK / SPIT’PKC *tuy ‘WATER / FLUID / LIQUID’PTk *dɨ ‘WATER’PLB *m/ʔ-titᴴ ‘WET / SOAK’PKar *thejᴬ ‘WATER’ ‘saliva, bubbles’Burling 92 GaBa

Garo (Bangladesh)ku'-chil#448 PTB *d(y)al ‘LIP / SKIN’ ‘lip’Burling 92 GaBa

Garo (Bangladesh)ku'-gimorpheme-sepmorpheme ‘corner of mouth’Burling 92 GaBa

Garo (Bangladesh)ku'-sik#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’ ‘mouth; language; opening of a pot, etc.’Burling 92 GaBa

Garo (Bangladesh)ku•-chi#298 PTB *m-t(w)əy-n ⪤ *m-ti-s ‘WATER / FLUID / LIQUID / RIVER / SOAK / SPIT’PKC *tuy ‘WATER / FLUID / LIQUID’PTk *dɨ ‘WATER’PLB *m/ʔ-titᴴ ‘WET / SOAK’PKar *thejᴬ ‘WATER’ n‘bubbles; saliva’Burling 03 Garo: 6.29-II:idx

Garo (Bangladesh)ku•-chil#448 PTB *d(y)al ‘LIP / SKIN’ n‘lip’Burling 03 Garo: 6.22-II:idx

Garo (Bangladesh)ku•-sik#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’ n‘mouth’Burling 03 Garo: 6.22-II:idx

Garo (Bangladesh)sakmorpheme-amorpheme-nimorpheme ku'-chil#448 PTB *d(y)al ‘LIP / SKIN’ ‘upper lip’Burling 92 GaBa

1.7.1.3Koch3

Atongkhu•◦chul#448 PTB *d(y)al ‘LIP / SKIN’ n‘lip’van Breugel 08 Atong

Atongku-cuk#478 PTB *tsyuk ‘MOUTH / LIP’Allofams77 #3589 PTB *dzyuk ⪤ *tsyuk ‘VULVA / VAGINA / MOUTH / LIP’77a #1356 PTB *dzyuk ⪤ *tsyuk ‘VULVA’77b #478 PTB *tsyuk ‘MOUTH / LIP’ ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

Atongku-dəi#298 PTB *m-t(w)əy-n ⪤ *m-ti-s ‘WATER / FLUID / LIQUID / RIVER / SOAK / SPIT’PKC *tuy ‘WATER / FLUID / LIQUID’PTk *dɨ ‘WATER’PLB *m/ʔ-titᴴ ‘WET / SOAK’PKar *thejᴬ ‘WATER’ ‘spittle / saliva’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.3.2Asakian2

Chaireldū#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’-kwī ‘mouth’Luce 85: K.54

Luidu#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’-khwí ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.2.1Tibetan2

Tibetan (Jirel)kho◦jyuq#1631 PTB *tsyu ‘WATER / LIQUID / BODY FLUID’PCN *a-tʃə ‘WATER’TGTM * ᴮkjui ‘WATER’ ‘spittle / saliva’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Jirel)oprefix◦koq-pu#1228 PTB *s-pu ‘FEATHER / WING / HAIR (body)’◦jyaq#2064 PTB *r-gya-n ‘BEARD’ ‘beard’Matisoff 87 BP

3.1Tangut2

Tangut [Xixia]ngu² ‘mouth’Sofronov 97

Tangut [Xixia]ngu¹ ‘mouth’Sofronov 97

3.2Qiangic6

Qiang (Mawo)dzə#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ kuə ‘mouth’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 242.8

Qiang (Mawo)dzə#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’◦ku̥ ‘mouth’Sun J 86 Mawo

Qiang (Mawo)dzə#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’◦kuə ‘mouth’Sun H 81 Qia

Qiang (Mawo)dzə#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’◦ku̥ə̥ ‘mouth’Sun H 91 MawQ: 3.7

Qiang (Mawo)ʂqu ‘mouth’Sun H 81 Qia

Qiang (Yadu)ʂqu ‘mouth’Dai 89 Qian: 110

3.3.1rGyalrong1

rGyalrong (Northern)kʰu mtɕʰi#1232 PTB *n-dzi-k ‘HAIR (HEAD)’PL *tsi¹ ‘HAIR (HEAD)’ rme#368 PTB *r-(n/m)ey ‘HAIR OF HEAD’ ‘whiskers (of animal)’Sun H 91 rNQ: 8.1.7

6.1.2Loloish1

Lolophome³¹#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’ kv̩⁴⁴ ‘beak / bill’Dai 89 Lolo: 3.9.3

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish1

Mpiʔɑ²prefix-khwe² ‘mouth’Bradley 79 PLo: 303

6.2Naxi2

Na (Yongning)kwɤ˩pi˩morpheme ‘mouth’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Na (Yongning)kwɤ˩to˧˩morpheme ‘lower jaw’Michaud 06 NaLaze

8Bai1

Bai (Jianchuan)tɕui³³#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ kæ⁵⁵#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ kʰo³³ ‘mouth’Zhao 90: 3.7

9.0.1Old Chinese2

Chinese (Old/Mid)kʻu/kʻəu ‘mouth’Chou 72: 110a-c

Chinese (Old)khugx ‘mouth’Coblin 86: 110

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

Chinese (Middle)khəu: ‘mouth’Coblin 86: 110

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #468, *ku(w) ‘MOUTH’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/468

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: STC p.184. PBG in STC

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-468,
  title  = {{*ku(w) 'MOUTH'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #468},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/468}
}