Reconstruction analysis
handlelaŋinitiallrhymeaŋcoverL · N
Intermediate reconstructions
Lolo-Burmese*laŋ¹ ‘RIVER / VALLEY’
Connections
HPTB (PLB)*laŋ¹ ‘river / valley’p. 266
Chinese comparandum
The primary comparandum here is:
浪 OC *lɑ̂ng, GSR #735k ‘name of a river’; B & S 2011: *rˁaŋ {*[r]ˁaŋ}; Mand. (làng).
The entry for 浪 làng in 說文 Shuō Wén says simply “滄浪河南入江“, where 滄浪河 Cánglàng Hé is the name of a river, purportedly in Central China. Early on, 浪 appears in other toponyms as well, e.g. 莊浪 Zhuānglàng, a county in Gansu prov., 康浪 Kānglàng, a river in Shandong prov. At the very least, we are justified in treating 浪 as a hydronym in the above cases; however, we would further argue that 浪 was originally a more general, Sinitic term for ‘river, stream, flow’. A useful analogy can be found in European toponyms such as Aberdour (Scotland), Durance (France), Dora (Italy), which may not immediately appear to be related to each other, but all of which are posited as deriving from a Celtic element *dur, a generic term for ‘water’.
Also attested early on for 浪 is the meaning ‘excessive, dissolute’, cited by Karlgren in GSR #735k, but as a separate etymon. Likewise, the meaning ‘wave, breaker’ the usual hydrologic sense of 浪 in Modern Chinese, may be a separate development; it is not cited in GSR #735, and is apparently not attested earlier than MC.
[SPB]
Reflexes & cognates134 reflexes · 17 subgroups
1.1.1Tani1
“While the cited forms all mean ‘soup’, this PT root has a more general meaning ‘thick liquid’ and appears also in such words as ‘honey’, ‘tears’, ‘resin’, and ‘mucus’. Cf. Mikir a-lang ‘juice’. Cf. PTB *laŋ ‘water, river, valley’ (Prof. Matisoff, p.c.)” Sun 1993a: 120.
1.1.1.1Western Tani32
Apatanimí#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-la ‘tears’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanimiʔ#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-la ‘tears’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniñik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-laː ‘tears’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniñik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-laː čoːmorpheme/bimorpheme ‘shed tears’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniñik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-laː lin#6426 PTani *len ‘OUT (verbal particle)’ ‘shed tears’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarmik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ laŋ nbp‘tears’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0158.24
Bokarmik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-laŋ ‘tears’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarmik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-laŋ dɯmorpheme-getmorpheme ‘shed (tears) (in drops)’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarmik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-laŋ len#6426 PTani *len ‘OUT (verbal particle)’(-kapmorpheme) ‘shed (tears)’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokar Lhobamik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ laŋ n‘tear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 239.51
Galoɲig#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’◦la ‘tears’Das Gupta 63 Gal
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani6
Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]aprefix-pi#91 PTB *r-pay ‘SPLEEN’PLB *ʔ-p(r)ay¹ ‘SPLEEN’ aprefix◦lang ‘bile’Matisoff 87 BP: JHL-AM p.255
Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]apprefix-pio#91 PTB *r-pay ‘SPLEEN’PLB *ʔ-p(r)ay¹ ‘SPLEEN’ aprefix◦lang ‘bile’Matisoff 87 BP: JHL-AM p.255
Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]pui#6546 PTani *pɯ ‘GALL’-ingmorpheme aprefix◦lang ‘bile’Matisoff 87 BP: JHL-AM p.255
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1
1.3.4Tangkhulic1
Tangkhulhup#611 PTB *s-la(p/t) ‘SWEAT’Allofams1a #610 PTB *s/k-lan ‘SWEAT’1b #611 PTB *s-la(p/t) ‘SWEAT’1c #797 PTB *g-l(y)am ‘SWEAT’ khamorpheme-laŋ n.,v.‘sweat’Matisoff 87 BP
1.4Meithei1
1.5Mikir [Karbi]9
Mikir [Karbi]chū#5539 PTB *dzy(ə/o)w ‘SUCK / KISS / BREAST / MILK’MesorootsPTk *ju ‘KISS’Allofams1a #5536 PTB *dz(y)wap ⪤ *ts(y)wap ‘SUCK / KISS / BREAST / MILK’1b #5541 PTB *m-ts(y)(u/i)p ‘SUCK / KISS / BREAST / MILK’1c #5537 PTB *dzyut ‘SUCK / KISS / BREAST / MILK’1d #5540 PTB *tsyuk ⪤ *dzyuk ‘SUCK / KISS / BREAST / MILK’1e #5539 PTB *dzy(ə/o)w ‘SUCK / KISS / BREAST / MILK’-lāng ‘milk’Grüssner 79 BP: 74
1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang2
2.3.4Western Kiranti1
3.2Qiangic1
6.1Lolo-Burmese1
6.1.1Burmish9
6.1.2Loloish2
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish9
6.1.2.2Central Loloish27
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish32
Bisuláŋ◦ʃám#2595 PTB *sram ‘OTTER’PTani *ram ‘OTTER’PKC *hram ‘OTTER’PCN *raːm ‘OTTER’PTk *ram ‘OTTER’PNN *(C̥-)rom ‘OTTER’PLB *sram¹ ‘OTTER’ ‘otter’Bradley 9x Bisu
Bisupɛmorpheme◦khà#229 PTB *b-ka-n/m/ŋ ‘BITTER / SALTY / BILE / LIVER’PTani *ko ~ *kaː ‘BITTER’PKC *khaa-I, khaat ⪤ *khaak-II ‘BITTER’PCN *a-khaʔ ‘BITTER’PTk *kʰa ‘BITTER’PBG *bi-ka ‘LIVER’PNN *C̥-kʰaᴮ ‘BITTER’PL *ka² ‘BITTER’PKar *khaᴮ ‘BITTER’◦laŋ ‘gall’Bisu pɛ khà ‘liver’ (cf. Garo bi-ka ‘liver’).Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 14
Bisupɛmorpheme◦kʰà#229 PTB *b-ka-n/m/ŋ ‘BITTER / SALTY / BILE / LIVER’PTani *ko ~ *kaː ‘BITTER’PKC *khaa-I, khaat ⪤ *khaak-II ‘BITTER’PCN *a-khaʔ ‘BITTER’PTk *kʰa ‘BITTER’PBG *bi-ka ‘LIVER’PNN *C̥-kʰaᴮ ‘BITTER’PL *ka² ‘BITTER’PKar *khaᴮ ‘BITTER’◦(làŋ) ‘bile’Bradley 9x Bisu
Côông [Phunoi]lɑ̃⁵⁵ bɑt¹¹#99 PTB *mwat ⪤ *ŋ(w)at ‘HUNGRY / THIRSTY’ de³³suffix ‘thirsty’Bradley xx Phu
Côông [Phunoi]nù#253 PTB *s-nəw ‘BREAST / MILK / SUCK’MesorootsPKC *hnooy ‘BREAST’PTk *nu ‘BREAST’PKar *nu' ‘BREAST’PKar *nuᴮ ‘BREASTS’Allofams2 #3585 PTB *s-nəw(-) ‘BREAST / MILK / SUCK’2a #253 PTB *s-nəw ‘BREAST / MILK / SUCK’2b #3586 PTB *s-nəw(t/n) ‘BREAST / MILK / SUCK’2c #259 PTB *s-nəw(k/ŋ) ‘BREAST / MILK’ lã́ ‘milk’Bradley 79 PLo
Ugongnᴜ̀#253 PTB *s-nəw ‘BREAST / MILK / SUCK’MesorootsPKC *hnooy ‘BREAST’PTk *nu ‘BREAST’PKar *nu' ‘BREAST’PKar *nuᴮ ‘BREASTS’Allofams2 #3585 PTB *s-nəw(-) ‘BREAST / MILK / SUCK’2a #253 PTB *s-nəw ‘BREAST / MILK / SUCK’2b #3586 PTB *s-nəw(t/n) ‘BREAST / MILK / SUCK’2c #259 PTB *s-nəw(k/ŋ) ‘BREAST / MILK’ wɯ̌ŋ ‘milk’Bradley 93 Ugo: 5.4.3
6.2Naxi3
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #191,
*laŋ ‘WATER / FLUID / RIVER / VALLEY’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/191Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-191,
title = {{*laŋ 'WATER / FLUID / RIVER / VALLEY'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #191},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/191}
}