The Body › Internal Organs › Liver › Gall/Bile

STEDT #229

*b-ka-n/m/ŋ

BITTER / SALTY / BILE / LIVER

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handleka-n/prefixbinitialkrhymea-(n/m/ŋsuffix(ncoverK · VN

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*ko ~ *kaː ‘BITTER’JS-HCST: 149

Kuki-Chin*khaa-I, khaat ⪤ *khaak-II ‘BITTER’PKC #425

Central Naga (Ao Group)*a-khaʔ ‘BITTER’PCN #010

Tangkhulic*kʰa ‘BITTER’DRM#319

Bodo-Garo*bi-ka ‘LIVER’

Northern Naga/Konyakian*C̥-kʰaᴮ ‘BITTER’

Loloish*ka² ‘BITTER’

Karenic*khaᴮ ‘BITTER’TL#24

Connections

HPTB*b-ka-n ‘bitter / liver’pp. 20, 24, 162, 164, 167, 170, 172, 176, 451

Notes

This root acquired all three nasal codas (*-n, *-n, *-ŋ) in various languages, but by far the most common allofam is the open syllable form.

Chinese comparandum

苦 OC *k’o, GSR #49u ‘bitter’; Coblin 86: *khagh; B & S 2011: *kʰˁaʔ; Mand. kǔ.
肝 OC *kɑ̂n, GSR #139l ‘liver’; B & S 2011: *s.kˁar {*s.kˁa[r]}; Mand. gān.

Reflexes & cognates428 reflexes · 50 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetanb-kɑ-n ‘liver’Chou 72: 139l

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)10

*Tibeto-Burmanb-ka-n ‘bitter / liver’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 594

*Tibeto-Burmanb-ka-n ‘bitter / liver’Mortensen 12 Tk

*Tibeto-Burmanka ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

*Tibeto-Burmanka ‘bitter’Matisoff 83 TIL: 5

*Tibeto-Burmanka ‘bitter’LaPolla 87: 1

*Tibeto-Burmanka ‘bitter’Benedict 72 STC: 8

*Tibeto-Burmanka (*B) ‘bitter / difficult’Coblin 86: 44

*Tibeto-Burmanka-(m,n,ŋ) ‘bitter / bile’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (2)

*Tibeto-Burmankɑ ‘word / speech’Chou 72: 1q

*Tibeto-Burmankɑ ‘bitter’Chou 72: 49u

1.1.1Tani1

*Taniko~ kaː ‘bitter’Sun J 93 HCST: 29

1.1.1.1Western Tani14

Apataniko-čimorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 93 Tani

Apataniko-čiʔmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 93 HCST

Apataniko-čʰiʔmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnikəː-čakmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnikɯː-čakmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 93 HCST

Bengnikɯː-čakmorpheme bɯmorpheme-rjakmorpheme ‘very bitter’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarkaː-čakmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 93 HCST

Bokarkaː-čakmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarkaː◦tɕakmorpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.24

Bokar Lhobakaː tɕakmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.51

Galo`kaa◦cakmorpheme adj.‘bitter’GLDC 09 Galo

Galoka◦cakmorpheme ‘bitter’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galopi#91 PTB *r-pay ‘SPLEEN’PLB *ʔ-p(r)ay¹ ‘SPLEEN’◦ko ‘spleen’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Taginkɤ◦cakmorpheme ‘bitter’Das Gupta 83 Tag

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani3

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]ko-saŋmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 93 HCST

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]ko-saŋmorpheme ‘sour’[Source note] rhyme!Sun J 93 HCST

Milangaprefix-ka-ɲimorpheme ‘bitter’Tayeng 76 Mil

1.1.2Deng7

Darang [Taraon]ʼka: ‘bitter’Anonymous xx Tar

Darang [Taraon]ʼka: ‘taste (bitter)’Anonymous xx Tar

Kaman [Miju]khɑ⁵³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.23

Kaman [Miju]khɑ⁵³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.48

Iduka ‘bitter’Anonymous 62 Idu

Idukɑ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.50

Yidukɑ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.25

1.2Kuki-Chin1

*Chinkhaa-I, khaat ⪤ khaak-II ‘BITTER’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

1.2.1.1Northern Chin7

Paitekha ‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

Sizanghkā hī ‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

Thadokhâa-I, khâat-II ‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

Tiddimkhaː¹ > khaːk¹ ‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

Tiddimkhaː¹ > khaːk¹ vi‘bitter’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 731

Tiddimkhaː¹/khaːk¹ ‘bitter’Bhaskararao 94 TCV

Tiddimˊxaː/ˊxaːk v‘bitter’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin3

Ashokʻó ‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

Cho (Mindat)kha be v.‘bitter (as taste)’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

Khumikhoo ‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

1.2.2Central Chin8

Lai (Falam)khâa-INV be v.‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

Lai (Hakha)khàa-I, khaat-II be v.‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

Lushai [Mizo]kha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Lushai [Mizo]kha vi‘bitter’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 2536

Lushai [Mizo]kha ‘bitter’LaPolla 87: 1

Lushai [Mizo]kha ‘bitter’Benedict 72 STC: 8

Lushai [Mizo]kha ‘bitter’Coblin 86: 44

Lushai [Mizo]khà-I, khâak-II be v.‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

1.2.3Maraic2

Lakher [Mara]hmômorpheme khaw timorpheme ‘bile’Matisoff 87 BP

Lakher [Mara]khā ‘bitter’VanBik 09 PKC: 425

1.3“Naga” Areal Group1

Maringkha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)15

*Central Nagaaprefix-khaʔ be v.‘BITTER’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.010

*Aoaprefix-khaʔ be v.‘BITTER’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.074

Ao (Chungli)a³prefix-kuʔ¹ be v.‘bitter’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.074

Ao (Chungli)taprefix◦ku ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Chungli)³taprefix¹kuʔ ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)tüprefix◦kha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)(NZPprefix-) kháʔ be v.‘bitter’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)kha-tsə#2337 PTB *kri-t ‘FEAR / AFRAID’PKC *kriʔ ‘FEAR / AFRAID’PTk *ci ‘FEAR’◦phamorpheme be v.‘bitterly afraid ('be bitter' + 'fear')’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)kha◦ɹamorpheme n.‘bitter gourd’Coupe 07 Ao

Lotha Nagakho²- be v.‘bitter’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.010

Lotha Nagaeprefix◦kho◦vsuffix ‘bitter’Murry 78: 10

Lotha Nagakho◦asuffix ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Sangtamaprefix◦kha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Yachamkhu◦lamorpheme ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Yimchungrü²aprefix-(²)kɯʔ ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group5

Chokriküprefix◦khu ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Chokri¹khu ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Maokakha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Rengmakemorpheme◦kha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Rengma (Northern)²ma²tšẽ#1390 PTB *m-sin ‘LIVER / HEART / BILE / BITTER’PTani *zin ‘LIVER’PKC *thin ‘LIVER’PCN *m-sən ‘LIVER’PTk *tʰin ‘LIVER’PNN *C̬-sin ‘LIVER’PLB *sin² ⪤ *tsin² ‘LIVER / BITTER’PL *sin² ‘LIVER’PKar *swɨnᴮ ‘LIVER’²ka ‘bile’Weidert 87 TBTo: 383a

1.3.3Zeme Group6

Khoiraokakaba ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Liangmeikakhabu ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Maramkha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Puironkhanu ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Rongmei / Nruanghmeiku◦meimorpheme ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Rongmei / Nruanghmeinmorpheme-xǔ ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

1.3.4Tangkhulic7

*Tangkhulickʰa ‘bitter’Mortensen 12 Tk: 319

Huishukəmorpheme-kʰe ‘bitter’Mortensen 12 Tk: Verbs.144

Kachaikəmorpheme-kʰu ‘bitter’Mortensen 12 Tk: Verbs.125

Tangkhulkakha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangkhulkha ‘bitter’Bhat 69 TNV: 85

Tusomkəmorpheme-kʰi ‘bitter’Mortensen 12 Tk: Verbs.163

Ukhrulkəmorpheme-kʰa be v.‘bitter’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.4Meithei4

Meitheikhà ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Meitheikha◦bamorpheme ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Meitheiməsiŋ#1390 PTB *m-sin ‘LIVER / HEART / BILE / BITTER’PTani *zin ‘LIVER’PKC *thin ‘LIVER’PCN *m-sən ‘LIVER’PTk *tʰin ‘LIVER’PNN *C̬-sin ‘LIVER’PLB *sin² ⪤ *tsin² ‘LIVER / BITTER’PL *sin² ‘LIVER’PKar *swɨnᴮ ‘LIVER’◦ga ‘gall bladder’Singh 91 MeiQ: 9.5.2

Meitheitin#1387 PTB *s-diŋ ‘HEART / LIVER’◦kʰa ‘bile’Abbi 85

1.7.1Bodo-Garo1

*Bodo-Garobimorpheme-ka ‘liver’Burling 59 PBo: 442

1.7.1.1Bodo10

Bodobimorpheme-ka ‘liver’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (2)

Bodobimorpheme-kaʔ ‘liver’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1129

Bodoká v‘bitter’Bhat 68 Boro

Bodokalé v‘taste a little bitter’Bhat 68 Boro

Bodokalé ‘taste a little bitter’Bhat 68 Boro

Dimasakha◦ba ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Kokborokbəmorpheme-kʰa ‘liver , chest etc.’Tripuri 88

Kokborokkə=kʰa ‘bitter’Tripuri 88

Lalung [Tiwa]khaʔ ‘heart / chest’Balawan 65: 11

Lalung [Tiwa]kha◦bri#91 PTB *r-pay ‘SPLEEN’PLB *ʔ-p(r)ay¹ ‘SPLEEN’ ‘spleen’Balawan 65: 11

1.7.1.2Garo12

Garobimorpheme-ka ‘liver’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1129

Garobimorpheme-ka ‘liver’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (2)

Garokaʔ-amorpheme ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Garokha ‘bitter’Benedict 72 STC: 8

Garokha ‘bitter’Coblin 86: 44

Garokha-khit#227 PTB *m/s-kri(y)-s ‘GALL (BLADDER) / BILE / SOUR’PCN *a-sə ‘BILE / GALL BLADDER’PTk *tʰi ‘BILE’ ‘bile’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (2)

Garokha-khit#227 PTB *m/s-kri(y)-s ‘GALL (BLADDER) / BILE / SOUR’PCN *a-sə ‘BILE / GALL BLADDER’PTk *tʰi ‘BILE’ ‘bile, gall’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (3)

Garokha-khit#227 PTB *m/s-kri(y)-s ‘GALL (BLADDER) / BILE / SOUR’PCN *a-sə ‘BILE / GALL BLADDER’PTk *tʰi ‘BILE’ ‘bile’LaPolla 87: 166

Garokha-khit#227 PTB *m/s-kri(y)-s ‘GALL (BLADDER) / BILE / SOUR’PCN *a-sə ‘BILE / GALL BLADDER’PTk *tʰi ‘BILE’ ‘bile’Benedict 72 STC: 412

Garo (Bangladesh)bimorpheme-ka ‘liver’Burling 92 GaBa

Garo (Bangladesh)bimorpheme-ka n‘liver’Burling 03 Garo: 6.27-II:idx

Garo (Bangladesh)ka•-amorpheme vi‘bitter’Burling 03 Garo: 3.682-II:idx

1.7.1.3Koch2

Atongka•- adj1‘bitter’van Breugel 08 Atong

Atongkha•- be v.‘bitter’van Breugel 08 Atong

1.7.1.4Deori2

Deori/Deuricimorpheme-kā² ‘liver’unknown

Deori/Deurika◦bare ‘bitter’Brown 95: 70

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

*Northern NagaC̥-kʰaᴮ ‘bitter’French 83: 459

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte3

Nocteakha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Noctekhaʔ ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Tangsa¹kha(ʔ) ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang4

Changkha◦wükbümorpheme ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Khiamngan¹²aprefix³ko̥ᴜ²³sakmorpheme ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Konyakkha◦bumorpheme ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Wanchoka ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.3.1Jingpho9

Jingphokha ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Jingphokhá ‘bitter’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 286

Jingphokha ‘bitter’Benedict 72 STC: 8

Jingphokha ‘bitter’Coblin 86: 44

Jingphokha⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Liu 84

Jingphokha⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.19

Jingphokha⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.47

Jingphopù#779 PTB *(p/b)u ‘URINARY BLADDER / KIDNEY’Allofams1a #778 PTB *(b/p)wa(ŋ/k) ‘URINARY BLADDER’1b #777 PTB *(p/b)um ‘URINARY BLADDER’1c #779 PTB *(p/b)u ‘URINARY BLADDER / KIDNEY’-hká? ‘bladder / gall’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingpho³kha ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

2.1.2Bodic8

Kaikekhā◦pāmorpheme adj‘bitter’Hale 73 CSD: 12b.25

Tsangla (Motuo)kha◦lumorpheme ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.7

Tsangla (Motuo)kʻa⁵⁵lu¹³morpheme ‘bitter’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Tilang)kha-wanmorpheme ‘bitter’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tshona (Wenlang)khɑu⁵⁵ɣu⁵⁵morpheme ‘bitter’Lu 86 CuoM

Tshona (Mama)khᴀ⁵³po⁵³morpheme ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.6

Motuo Menbakha lumorpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.07

Cuona Menbakha⁵⁵ti⁵³morpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan26

Tibetan (Alike)rka mosuffix ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.05

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)hka ɣəsuffix ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)kha womorpheme ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)hkæ-mosuffix ‘difficult’Sun J 85 Amdo: 189

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)kha ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.5

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)qhæ.womorpheme ‘bitter (taste)’Sun J 85 Amdo: 73

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)rka mosuffix ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.5

Tibetan (Balti)x̣o· ‘bitter’Rangan 75: 74

Tibetan (Balti)x̣ɔ ‘bitter’Rangan 75: 62

Tibetan (Batang)kha⁵⁵mᴜ⁵³morpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.03

Tibetan (Lhasa)khaʔ⁵³tiʔ⁵³morpheme ‘bitter (N)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.2

Tibetan (Lhasa)khə⁵⁵ti⁵²morpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.02

Tibetan (Written)dka-ba ‘difficulty’Coblin 86: 44

Tibetan (Written)dka.bomorpheme ‘difficult’Sun J 85 TbGl: 189

Tibetan (Written)dkaɦ mosuffix ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.01

Tibetan (Written)dka◦basuffix ‘difficult’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Written)kha momorpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.01

Tibetan (Written)kha tigmorpheme ‘bitter (N)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.1

Tibetan (Written)kha-ba ‘bitter’Matisoff 83 TIL: 5

Tibetan (Written)kha-basuffix ‘bitter’LaPolla 87: 1

Tibetan (Written)kha-ba ‘bitter’Benedict 72 STC: 8

Tibetan (Written)kha-ba ‘bitter’Coblin 86: 44

Tibetan (Written)kha.◦ba ‘bitter (taste)’Sun J 85 TbGl: 73

Tibetan (Written)kha◦pomorpheme ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Xiahe)hka mosuffix ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.04

Tibetan (Xiahe)kha womorpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.04

2.1.4Tamangish25

*TGTMᴬkam ‘bitter, bile’Mazaudon 94 These: 22

Gurungkā̩:bā:q adj‘bitter’morphemeHale 73 CSD: 12b.25

Gurungkãː ‘bile’Weidert 87 TBTo: 720

Gurung (Ghachok)kḁ̄ː ‘bile’Matisoff 87 BP

Gurungkãː ‘bile’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (2)

Gurung (Ghachok)kãː ‘bile’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.A.71

Gurung (Ghachok)kãːbaːq ‘bitter’morphemeGlover 72 GuVo: 12.B.25

Gurung¹kãː ‘bile’Mazaudon 94 These: 22

Gurung¹kãː- ‘bitter’Mazaudon 94 These: 22

Manang (Gyaru)ga²morpheme lᴇː²morpheme ka² basuffix ‘difficult’Nagano 84 Man: 345-02

Tamang (Risiangku)¹kam n‘bile’Mazaudon 91 TamQ: 9.5.1

Tamang (Risiangku)¹kam ‘gall / bile’Mazaudon 94 These: 22

Tamang (Risiangku)¹kam ‘bitter’Mazaudon 94 These: 22

Tamang (Sahu)²kam ‘bitter’Mazaudon 94 These: 23

Tamang (Sahu)¹kam ‘bile’Matisoff 87 BP

Tamang (Taglung)kam ‘bile’Mazaudon 94 These: 23

Thakalikam ‘bile’Weidert 87 TBTo: 720

Thakali (Marpha)⁵¹kʌm ‘bile’Mazaudon 94 These: 23

Thakali (Marpha)⁵⁵'⁴⁴kʌm-mu ‘bitter’Mazaudon 94 These: 23

Thakali (Syang)⁵⁴kʌm ‘bile’Mazaudon 94 These: 23

Thakali (Tukche)kam ‘bile’Matisoff 87 BP

Thakali (Tukche)kam ‘bile’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (2)

Thakali (Tukche)kɔm ‘bile’Hari 71a ThVo: 2.A.71

Thakali (Tukche)²kəm ‘bitter’Mazaudon 94 These: 23

Thakali (Tukche)ᴴkəm ‘bile’Mazaudon 94 These: 23

2.2Newar3

Newarkhāyu adj‘bitter’Hale 73 CSD: 12b.25

Newar (Kathmandu)khayu ‘bitter’Genetti 90 Kath

Newar (Dolakhali)khayɔu ‘bitter’Genetti 90 Dola

2.3.3Central Kiranti6

Dumikhaːkpɨ ‘bitter’morphemeDriem 93 Dumi

Dumikhaː◦nɨmorpheme be v.‘bitter, taste bitter’Driem 93 Dumi

Khalingkāe◦pāemorpheme adj‘bitter’Hale 73 CSD: 12b.25

Khalingkhang ‘bile’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 7

Khalingkhang ‘bile’Matisoff 87 BP

Khalingkhang ‘bile’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (2)

2.3.4Western Kiranti3

Bahingkha◦limorpheme ‘spleen;bile’Matisoff 87 BP

Hayukha be v.‘bitter’Michailovsky 89 H2: 84.142,215

Sunwar'kā-syomorpheme adj‘bitter’Hale 73 CSD: 12b.25

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang6

Kham'kāo adj‘bitter’Hale 73 CSD: 12b.25

Kham'kāː ‘bile’Matisoff 87 BP

Khamkaː ‘bile’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.A.71

Magarkhā-kemorpheme adj‘bitter’Hale 73 CSD: 12b.25

Magarmeprefix-khe ‘intestines / bowels’Matisoff 87 BP

Magarmeprefix-khe ‘guts’Matisoff 78 VSTB

3.1Tangut1

Tangut [Xixia]khɑ² ‘intestines’Sofronov 97

3.2Qiangic41

Ersundzɿ³³morphemekhuɑ⁵⁵ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.18

Guiqiongkhi⁵⁵mu⁵⁵morpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.16

Guiqiongkhi⁵⁵mu⁵⁵morpheme ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.17

Lyuzude³³morphemekha⁵³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.18

Lyuzude³³morphemekha⁵³ ‘salty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1076.18

Muyatshə⁵³#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’qhə³³ ‘salty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1076.15

Muyatə̱³³morphemeqha⁵³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.15

Muya [Minyak]qha³⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.15

Namuyiji³³morphemeqha³³ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.19

Namuyiqha³⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.19

Namuyiqha³⁵ ‘salty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 891.19

Namuyiji³¹morphemeqha⁵³ n‘buckwheat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0413.46

Namuyiluo³¹morphemeqha³¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.46

Namuyiluo³¹morphemeqha³¹ ‘salty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1076.46

Namuyiluo³¹morphemeqha³¹ ‘astringent’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1078.46

Pumi (Jiulong)qhɑ¹¹tʂɿ⁵⁵morphemetʂɿ¹¹morpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.10

Pumi (Jiulong)qhɑ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.10

Pumi (Jiulong)tshi⁵⁵#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’qhɑ¹¹ ‘salty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1076.10

Pumi (Lanping)qhɑ¹³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.09

Pumi (Lanping)qhɑ¹³ ‘salty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1076.09

Pumi (Qinghua)qhɑ¹³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.11

Pumi (Qinghua)qhɑ¹³ ‘salty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 891.11

Pumi (Taoba)kha³⁵mə⁵³morpheme ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.10

Pumi (Taoba)kha³⁵mə⁵³morpheme ‘salty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 891.10

Qiang (Longxi)dàmorpheme qhà ‘have bitter taste in mouth’Evans 99 Qiang: 1869

Qiang (Longxi)qhà ‘bitter, salty’Evans 99 Qiang: 1527

Qiang (Mawo)qhɑ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.8

Qiang (Mawo)qhɑχ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.08

Qiang (Mawo)tshə#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’ qhɑ ‘salty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 891.8

Qiang (Mianchi)qhà ‘bitter’Evans 99 Qiang: 1527

Qiang (Mianchi)qhà ‘have bitter taste in mouth ('bitter')’Evans 99 Qiang: 1869

Qiang (Mianchi)tshɨ̀#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’-qhá ‘salty [salt-bitter]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1530

Qiang (Taoping)qhɑ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.9

Qiang (Taoping)tshɿ⁵⁵#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’qhɑ⁵⁵ ‘salty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 891.9

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]tshi⁵⁵#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’kha⁵³ ‘salty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 891.16

Queyu (Xinlong)tɕhi⁵⁵#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’tə³³morphemeqa⁵⁵si³¹morpheme ‘salty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1076.13

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]ʐõ³⁵morphemeqa⁵⁵ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.16

Xumiqhɑo⁵⁵(sõ³³morpheme) ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.17

Xumiqhɑ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.20

Xumitshɐ⁵⁵#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’qhɑ⁵⁵ ‘salty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 891.20

Xumitshɛ⁵⁵#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’qhɑo³³ ‘salty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1076.17

3.3.1rGyalrong5

rGyalrongkə tʃapmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.12

rGyalrong (Maerkang)kə tʃɑpmorpheme ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.11

Caodengkə-qʰʃevmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 97 Cao

rGyalrongkA cakmorpheme ‘bitter’Nagano 97 GyQ: 161

rGBenzhenkə-tʃapmorpheme ‘bitter’Sun J 97 rGB

4Nungic9

Anongguɑ³¹morphemekhɑ⁵⁵ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.44

Nungkha⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.21

Anongkhɑ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.44

Dulongkɑ⁵³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.20

Trung [Dulong]kɑ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.46

Trung [Dulong]pɯ³¹morphemekɑ⁵⁵ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.46

Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)ka⁵⁵ ‘bitter’LaPolla 87: 1

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)kha⁵³ ‘bitter’LaPolla 87: 1

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)khɑ⁵³ ‘bitter’Sun H 82 Dul

Achang (Lianghe)khu³¹ tan⁵¹loanword ‘gall’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Lianghe)khɑ³¹ ‘bitter’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Longchuan)xɔ³¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.28

Achang (Longchuan)xɔ³¹ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.41

Achang (Luxi)kan⁵⁵ ‘liver’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Luxi)kha⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Xiandao)xɔ³¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.29

Bola (Luxi)kha³⁵ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.32

Burmese (Rangoon)khɑ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.27

Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)khɑ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.40

Burmese (Written)khà ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Burmese (Written)khâ ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Burmese (Written)kha ‘bitter’Matisoff 83 TIL: 5

Burmese (Written)khâ ‘bitter’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 286

Burmese (Written)khâ ‘bitter’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)khà ‘bitter’LaPolla 87: 1

Burmese (Written)khà ‘bitter’Benedict 72 STC: 8

Burmese (Written)khà ‘bitter’Coblin 86: 44

Burmese (Written)khā: ‘bitter’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)khɑ³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.26

Burmese (Written)khɑ³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.39

Hpun (Northern)khà, khà-ŋsuffix ‘bitter’Henderson 86 Hpun

Langsu (Luxi)khɔ³⁵ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.31

Leqi (Luxi)khɔː⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.33

Marmakhá ‘bitter’Huziwara 08 Sak: 94

Maru [Langsu]khó ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Maru [Langsu]khɔ³⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.43

Atsi [Zaiwa]khó ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Atsi [Zaiwa]kho²¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]kho²¹ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.42

6.1.2Loloish3

*Loloishka² ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

*Loloishka² ‘bitter’Bradley 79 PLo: 550

*Loloishka² ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish30

Gazhuoka³³ ‘liver’Dai 89 Gazh: 9.5

Gazhuokha³¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.47

Gazhuokha³¹si³³#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ n‘garlic’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0424.47

Gazhuokʰa³¹ ‘bitter’Dai 87 Gazh

Gazhuokʰɔ³¹tɕi⁵⁵#227 PTB *m/s-kri(y)-s ‘GALL (BLADDER) / BILE / SOUR’PCN *a-sə ‘BILE / GALL BLADDER’PTk *tʰi ‘BILE’ ‘bile’Dai 91 TB15

Lalokhà ‘bitter’Björverud 94

Lalokhà-sjý#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ ‘garlic’Björverud 94

Nusu (Northern)kha⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Central)kha⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.34

Nusu (Bijiang)khɑ⁵³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.45

Nusu (Southern)khɔ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Northern)ɣɑ³¹morphemekhɑ⁵⁵ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Southern)ʔɔ³¹morphemekhɔ⁵⁵ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun J 86 Nusu

Yi (Dafang)khu³³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.22

Yi (Liangshan)khɯ³³ ‘bitter (taste); taste, bitter’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Lishan)kʰɔ³³ ‘bitter’Dai 87 Gazh

Yi (Lishan)kʰɔ³¹ tɕi⁵⁵#227 PTB *m/s-kri(y)-s ‘GALL (BLADDER) / BILE / SOUR’PCN *a-sə ‘BILE / GALL BLADDER’PTk *tʰi ‘BILE’ ‘gall bladder’Dai 87 Gazh

Yi (Mile)khᴀ²¹ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.25

Yi (Mojiang)go³³morphemekhɒ³³ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.26

Yi (Mojiang)khɒ³³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.26

Yi (Nanhua)go²¹morphemekhᴀ²¹ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.24

Yi (Nanhua)khɑ²¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.37

Yi (Nanhua)khᴀ³³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.24

Yi (Nanjian)khɑ²¹ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.23

Yi (Nanjian)ɣɑ²¹morphemekhɑ²¹(ɕe²¹morpheme) ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.23

Yi (Weishan)khɑ²¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.36

Yi (Weishan)khɑ²¹ɕy⁵⁵#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ n‘garlic’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0424.36

Yi (Wuding)khɒ³³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.38

Yi (Xide)khɯ³³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.35

Yi (Xide)khɯ³³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.21

6.1.2.2Central Loloish33

Jinuoa³³prefixkhɔ⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.34

Jinuoa⁴⁴prefixkhɔ⁴⁴ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.44

Jinuo (Youle)ɑ⁴⁴prefixkhɔ⁴⁴ ‘bitter’Gai 86

Kucongkhʌ31 ‘bitter’Dai 09 Kucong

*Common Lahuhk'aˇ ‘bitter’Bradley 79 PLo: 550

Lahuḳhâ ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Lahu (Lancang)qhɑ⁵³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.43

Lahu (Black)qhâ ‘bitter’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 286

Lahu (Black)qhᴀ⁵³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.33

Lahu (Black)ɣᴀ⁵³morphemeqhᴀ⁵³ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.33

Lahu (Yellow)qha³ ‘bitter’Chang 86

Lisuguɑ³¹morphemekhuɑ³¹ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.27

Lisu (Northern)gwa²¹morphemekhwa²¹ ‘bitter buckwheat’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Central)hka⁵ ‘bitter’Fraser 22

Lisuhkwa⁵ ‘bitter’Bradley 79 PLo: 550

Lisu (Central)hkwa⁵ ‘bitter’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)hkwa⁵-sye⁴#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ ‘garlic (sp.)’Fraser 22

Lisu (Luquan)kho³¹ ‘bitter’Xu 86 Lisu

Lisukhuɑ³¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.40

Lisukhuɑ³¹ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.27

Lisukhuɑ³¹se⁴⁴#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ ‘garlic’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 210.27

Lisukhwà ‘bitter’Weidert 87 TBTo: 259

Lisu (Northern)khwa²¹ V‘bitter; salty; strong; (of medicine) effective’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khwa²¹ ŋɔ²¹morpheme ma²¹morpheme ŋa³³morpheme ‘as bitter as bitter can be’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khwa²¹khwa²¹mu³³morpheme ‘bitter; bitter taste’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khwa²¹sø³³#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ N‘garlic’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khwa²¹sø³³#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ ɔ⁵⁵morphemeɲɔ³³morpheme ‘garlic bolt’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khwa²¹sø³³#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’baʔ²¹morpheme ‘garlic clove’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khwa²¹sø³³#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’dzi³³morpheme ‘garlic shoot’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khwa²¹sø³³#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’phja²¹morpheme ‘garlic leaf’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)khwa²¹sø³³#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’tʃhɿ³³morpheme ‘garlic bulb’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Yongsheng)khɑ³¹ ‘bitter’Xu 86 Lisu

Yi (Sani)qhɒ¹¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish25

Akha (Yunnan)jɔprefix xhà ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Akhaxhà ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Akha (Thai)xhà ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Bisupɛmorpheme◦khà◦laŋ#191 PTB *laŋ ‘WATER / FLUID / RIVER / VALLEY’PTani *laŋ ‘SOUP’PLB *laŋ¹ ‘RIVER / VALLEY’ ‘gall’Bisu pɛ khà ‘liver’ (cf. Garo bi-ka ‘liver’).Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 14

Bisupɛmorpheme◦kʰà◦(làŋ)#191 PTB *laŋ ‘WATER / FLUID / RIVER / VALLEY’PTani *laŋ ‘SOUP’PLB *laŋ¹ ‘RIVER / VALLEY’ ‘bile’Bradley 9x Bisu

Bisuʔaŋprefix◦khà ‘bitter’Bradley 9x Bisu

Hani (Dazhai)xa³¹ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.31

Hani (Dazhai)xa³¹se⁵⁵#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ ‘garlic’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 210.31

Hani (Lüchun)xhà ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Hani (Dazhai)ɣa³¹morphemexa³¹ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.31

Hani (Lüchun)xa³¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.41

Hani (Lüchun)xa³¹se⁵⁵#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ n‘garlic’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0424.41

Hani (Pijo)khɔ̀ ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Hani (Caiyuan)khɔ³¹ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.30

Hani (Gelanghe)xa³¹ ‘bitter’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Wordlist)haq ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Haonixɔ³¹ ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Hani (Shuikui)xɔ³¹ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.32

Hani (Shuikui)xɔ³¹sɛ⁵⁵#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ ‘garlic’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 210.32

Hani (Shuikui)ɣa³¹morphemexɔ³¹ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.32

Hani (Khatu)khò ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Hani (Mojiang)xɔ³¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.42

Hani (Mojiang)xɔ³¹sɛ⁵⁵#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ n‘garlic’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0424.42

Mpikhɑ¹ ‘bitter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 72

Pyenʔaŋ33morpheme kha31 ‘bitter’Shintani 09 Pyen: 202006

6.2Naxi15

Laze (Xiangjiao)jɑ˧morphemeqʰɑ˧ ‘buckwheat sp., Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 4002

Laze (Xiangjiao)qʰɑ˧ ‘bitter’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2169

Laze (Xiangjiao)tsʰe˧#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’qʰɑ˧ ‘too salty’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2171

Na (Yongning)jɤ˧morphemeqʰɑ#˥ ‘buckwheat sp., Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Na (Yongning)qʰɑ˧ ‘bitter’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Na (Yongning)tsʰe˧#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’qʰɑ˩ ‘too salty’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Naxikhɑ³³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.45

Naxikhɑ³³ ‘salty’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1076.45

Naxi (Lijiang)khɑ³³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.28

Naxi (Yongning)khɑ³³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.29

Naxi (Yongning)khɑ³³ ‘salty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 891.29

Naxi (Lijiang)tshe³³#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’khɑ³³ ‘salty’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 891.28

Naxiə⁵⁵morphemekhɑ³³ n‘buckwheat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0413.45

Naxi (Lijiang)ə⁵⁵morphemekhɑ³³ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.28

Naxi (Yongning)ʑɑ³³morphemekhɑ³³ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.29

7Karenic26

*Karen (TP)kháq ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

*Karen (Pwo)kháq ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

*Karen (Pwo-Sgaw)kháq ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

*Karenkháq ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

*Karen [Burling]kha² ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

*Karen (Sgaw)kháʔ ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

*Karenkhaᴮ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Bwekhe³³ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Karenkha³¹ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.50

Kayahkhe¹¹ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Kayankha¹¹ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Kayan (Pekon)kʰâ ADJ‘bitter’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayawkha¹¹ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Pa-Okhá ‘bitter’Solnit 89 PaO

Pa-Okhá ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

Pa-O (Southern)kha³³ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Pa-O (Northern)kha⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Palaychikháq ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

Pwo (Northern)kha³³ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Pwo (Southern)kha⁵⁵ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Pwo (Bassein)khà ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

Pwo (Moulmein)kháʔ ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

Sgaw (Northern)kha³¹˜ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Sgaw (Southern)kha⁴⁵’ ‘bitter’Luangthongkum 13: 24

Sgaw (Bassein)khà ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

Sgaw (Moulmein)kháʔ ‘bitter’Jones 61: 42

8Bai9

Bai (Bijiang)khv³³morphemeku²¹ ‘buckwheat (bitter)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 191.37

Bai (Bijiang)qhu³³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.37

Bai (Bijiang)qɑ̃³⁵ ‘liver’Xu 84 Bai

Bai (Dali)khu³³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.35

Bai (Dali)kɑ³⁵ ‘liver’Xu 84 Bai

Bai (Jianchuan)kã⁵⁵ ‘liver’Zhao 90: 9.5

Bai (Jianchuan)khu³³ ‘bitter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1074.48

Bai (Jianchuan)khu³³ ‘bitter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 889.36

Bai (Jianchuan)kɑ̃⁵⁵ ‘liver’Xu 84 Bai

9.0.1Old Chinese5

Chinese (Old/Mid)kân ‘liver’Chou 72: 139l

Chinese (Old/Mid)kɑ̂n/kɑ̂n ‘liver’Karlgren 57 GSR: 139l

Chinese (Old/Mid)kʻo ‘bitter’Chou 72: 49u

Chinese (Old)khagh ‘bitter / difficult’Coblin 86: 44

Chinese (Old)khaʔ ‘bitter’Baxter 92: 1371

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

Chinese (Middle)khwo- ‘bitter / difficult’Coblin 86: 44

9.0.3Modern Chinese5

Chinese (Mandarin)gān ‘liver’Evans 91

Chinese (Mandarin)gan◦tzahngmorpheme ‘liver’Sun J 85 ChGl: 450

Chinese (Mandarin)kǔ ‘bitter’Evans 91

Chinese (Mandarin)kuu ‘bitter (taste)’Sun J 85 ChGl: 73

Chinese (Mandarin)kɑn ‘liver’Karlgren 57 GSR: 139l

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #229, *b-ka-n/m/ŋ ‘BITTER / SALTY / BILE / LIVER’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/229

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. STC#008, incl 2844, HPTB

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-229,
  title  = {{*b-ka-n/m/ŋ 'BITTER / SALTY / BILE / LIVER'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #229},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/229}
}